Decommission means to remove a facility or site safely from service and reduce residual radioactivity to a level that permits, (1) Release of the property for unrestricted use and termination of the license; or. The report must include the following information: (4) The container identification with the nationally tracked source. Activity is the rate of disintegration (transformation) or decay of radioactive material. (1) An annual limit, which is the more limiting of, (i) The total effective dose equivalent being equal to 5 rems (0.05 Sv); or. Therefore, any licensed byproduct material being disposed of at a facility, or transferred for ultimate disposal at a facility licensed under part 61 of this chapter, must meet the requirements of 20.2006. 20.2205 Reports to individuals of exceeding dose limits. The shipper of the radioactive waste, shall provide the following information on the uniform manifest: 1. Each shell is composed of one or more subshells, which are themselves composed of atomic orbitals.For example, the first (K) shell has one subshell, called 1s; the second (L) shell has two subshells, called 2s and 2p; the third shell has 3s, 3p, and 3d; the fourth shell has 4s, 4p, 4d and 4f; the fifth shell has 5s, 5p, 5d, and 5f and can theoretically hold more in the 5g subshell that is Upon the receipt of an LTP or decommissioning plan from the licensee, or a proposal by the licensee for release of a site pursuant to 20.1403 or 20.1404, or whenever the Commission deems such notice to be in the public interest, the Commission shall: (1) local and State governments in the vicinity of the site and any Indian Nation or other indigenous people that have treaty or statutory rights that could be affected by the decommissioning; and. Dosimetry processor means an individual or organization that processes and evaluates individual monitoring equipment in order to determine the radiation dose delivered to the equipment. (a) The criteria in this subpart apply to the decommissioning of facilities licensed under parts 30, 40, 50, 52, 60, 61, 63, 70, and 72 of this chapter, and release of part of a facility or site for unrestricted use in accordance with 50.83 of this chapter, as well as other facilities subject to the Commission's jurisdiction under the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended, and the Energy Reorganization Act of 1974, as amended. (1) Adults likely to receive, in 1 year, an intake in excess of 10 percent of the applicable ALI(s) in table 1, Columns 1 and 2, of appendix B to 20.1001-20.2402; (2) Minors likely to receive, in 1 year, a committed effective dose equivalent in excess of 0.1 rem (1 mSv); and. [56 FR 23398, May 21, 1991, as amended at 63 FR 39482, July 23, 1998; 76 FR 35564 Jun. (a) Each licensee shall use the units: curie, rad, rem, including multiples and subdivisions, and shall clearly indicate the units of all quantities on records required by this part. The licensee shall retain records used in preparing NRC Form 4 for 3 years after the record is made. external exposure hazards at higher concentrations. The most direct difference between FCC and BCC crystals is in the atomic arrangements. (c) A room or area is not required to be posted with a caution sign because of the presence of a sealed source provided the radiation level at 30 centimeters from the surface of the source container or housing does not exceed 0.005 rem (0.05 mSv) per hour. The declaration of pregnancy shall also be kept on file, but may be maintained separately from the dose records. 20.1207 Occupational dose limits for minors. D. The land disposal facility operator shall: 1. Restricted area means an area, access to which is limited by the licensee for the purpose of protecting individuals against undue risks from exposure to radiation and radioactive materials. [56 FR 23396, May 21, 1991, as amended at 60 FR 20185, Apr. L. 93-438, 88 Stat. (d) Reports made by licensees in response to the requirements of this section must be made as follows: (1) Licensees having an installed Emergency Notification System shall make the reports required by paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section to the NRC Operations Center in accordance with 10 CFR 50.72; and. (1) Any radioactive material (except special nuclear material) yielded in, or made radioactive by, exposure to the radiation incident to the process of producing or using special nuclear material; (2) The tailings or wastes produced by the extraction or concentration of uranium or thorium from ore processed primarily for its source material content, including discrete surface wastes resulting from uranium solution extraction processes. Such errors may be detected by a variety of methods such as administrative reviews or by physical inventories required by An authorized representative of the waste generator, processor, or collector shall certify by signing and dating the shipment manifest that the transported materials are properly classified, described, packaged, marked, and labeled and are in proper condition for transportation according to the applicable regulations of the Department of Transportation and the (i) Demonstrates that further reductions in residual radioactivity necessary to comply with the 100 mrem/y (1 mSv/y) value of paragraph (e)(1) of this section are not technically achievable, would be prohibitively expensive, or would result in net public or environmental harm; (ii) Makes provisions for durable institutional controls; (iii) Provides sufficient financial assurance to enable a responsible government entity or independent third party, including a governmental custodian of a site, both to carry out periodic rechecks of the site no less frequently than every 5 years to assure that the institutional controls remain in place as necessary to meet the criteria of 20.1403(b) and to assume and carry out responsibilities for any necessary control and maintenance of those controls. Further, occupational exposure histories obtained and recorded on NRC Form 4 before January 1, 1994, might not have included effective dose equivalent, but may be used in the absence of specific information on the intake of radionuclides by the individual. [56 FR 23396, May 21, 1991, as amended at 63 FR 39482, July 23, 1998]. (c) A duplicate report is not required under paragraph (b) of this section if the licensee is also required to submit a report pursuant to 30.55(c), 37.57, 37.81, 40.64(c), 50.72, 50.73, 70.52, 73.27(b), 73.67(e)(3)(vii), 73.67(g)(3)(iii), 73.71, or 150.19(c) of this chapter. [72 FR 55921, Oct. 1, 2007; 76 FR 35564, Jun. These records5 must include, when applicable. This includes those records of the results of measurements and calculations used to determine individual intakes of radioactive material and used in the assessment of internal dose required under the standards for protection against radiation in effect prior to January 1, 1994; and, (3) Records showing the results of air sampling, surveys, and bioassays required pursuant to 20.1703(c)(1) and (2). Note that an additional factor of 2 for age considerations is not warranted in the submersion case. 3021), the Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982 (96 Stat. It also includes radioactive materials remaining at the site as a result of routine or accidental releases of radioactive material at the site and previous burials at the site, even if those burials were made in accordance with the provisions of 10 CFR part 20. The shipper of the radioactive waste shall provide the following information regarding the waste shipment on the uniform manifest: 2. Limits (dose limits) means the permissible upper bounds of radiation doses. (d) A licensee or license applicant may apply for prior NRC authorization to operate up to an annual dose limit for an individual member of the public of 0.5 rem (5 mSv). Be investigated by the shipper if the shipper has not received notification or receipt within 20 days after transfer; and. i This type of respirator may be used as an emergency device in unknown concentrations for protection against inhalation hazards. Source: 56 FR 23400, May 21, 1991, unless otherwise noted. Public dose means the dose received by a member of the public from exposure to radiation or to radioactive material released by a licensee, or to any other source of radiation under the control of a licensee. Receive acknowledgement of the receipt of the shipment in the form of a signed copy of NRC Form 540; 8. Rem is the special unit of any of the quantities expressed as dose equivalent. Conduct a quality assurance program to assure compliance with 61.55 and 61.56 of this chapter (the program shall include management evaluation of audits); 6. (b) The licensee (and employer if the employer is not the licensee) specifically authorizes the planned special exposure, in writing, before the exposure occurs. Radiation, as used in this part, does not include non-ionizing radiation, such as radio- or microwaves, or visible, infrared, or ultraviolet light. This must be demonstrated either by licensee testing or on the basis of reliable test information. activities of individual radionuclides contained on these waste types within the disposal container. 25, 1995; 60 FR 36043, July 13, 1995; 72 FR 68059, Dec. 4, 2007]. This includes records required under the standards for protection against radiation in effect prior to January 1, 1994. Authority: Atomic Energy Act of 1954, secs. (a) Containers holding licensed material in quantities less than the quantities listed in appendix C to part 20; or, (b) Containers holding licensed material in concentrations less than those specified in table 3 of appendix B to part 20; or, (c) Containers attended by an individual who takes the precautions necessary to prevent the exposure of individuals in excess of the limits established by this part; or, (d) Containers when they are in transport and packaged and labeled in accordance with the regulations of the Department of Transportation,3 or, (e) Containers that are accessible only to individuals authorized to handle or use them, or to work in the vicinity of the containers, if the contents are identified to these individuals by a readily available written record (examples of containers of this type are containers in locations such as water-filled canals, storage vaults, or hot cells). Individual monitoring devices (individual monitoring equipment) means devices designed to be worn by a single individual for the assessment of dose equivalent such as film badges, thermoluminescence dosimeters (TLDs), pocket ionization chambers, and personal ("lapel") air sampling devices. 18, 2007; 72 FR 49486, Aug. 28, 2007; 74 FR 62680, Dec. 1, 2009; 80 FR 74979, Dec. 1, 2015]. NRC means the Nuclear Regulatory Commission or its duly authorized representatives. The report must include the following information: (3) The manufacturer, model, and serial number of the source or, if not available, other information to uniquely identify the source; (5) The initial or current source strength in becquerels (curies); (6) The date for which the source strength is reported; (e) Each licensee who disposes of a nationally tracked source shall complete and submit a National Source Tracking Transaction Report. Source: 56 FR 23396, May 21, 1991, unless otherwise noted. Fit testing must be performed with the facepiece operating in the negative pressure mode. Calcium Chloride Solutions Contain Mobile Ions Which Transfer Charge or Electricity. (1) The assessment of dose equivalent by the use of devices designed to be worn by an individual; (2) The assessment of committed effective dose equivalent by bioassay (see Bioassay) or by determination of the time-weighted air concentrations to which an individual has been exposed, i.e., DAC-hours; or. The Commission may authorize a licensee to use higher assigned protection factors on receipt of an application that, (a) Describes the situation for which a need exists for higher protection factors; and. (b) The criteria in this subpart do not apply to sites which: (1) Have been decommissioned prior to the effective date of the rule in accordance with criteria identified in the Site Decommissioning Management Plan (SDMP) Action Plan of April 16, 1992 (57 FR 13389); (2) Have previously submitted and received Commission approval on a license termination plan (LTP) or decommissioning plan that is compatible with the SDMP Action Plan criteria; or. (b) The licensee shall retain each of the following records until the Commission terminates each pertinent license requiring the record: (1) Records of the results of surveys to determine the dose from external sources and used, in the absence of or in combination with individual monitoring data, in the assessment of individual dose equivalents. The dose from planned special exposures is not to be considered in controlling future occupational dose of the individual under 20.1201(a) but is to be included in evaluations required by 20.1206 (d) and (e). An alphabetic or numeric identification that uniquely identifies each disposal container in the shipment; 2. 20.1602 Control of access to very high radiation areas. The National Ignition Facility (NIF) is a laser-based inertial confinement fusion (ICF) research device. 3504 note. NRC Forms 540 and 540A must be completed and must physically accompany the pertinent low-level waste shipment. B. Derived air concentration (DAC) means the concentration of a given radionuclide in air which, if breathed by the reference man for a working year of 2,000 hours under conditions of light work (inhalation rate 1.2 cubic meters of air per hour), results in an intake of one ALI. The record may also be stored in electronic media with the capability for producing legible, accurate, and complete records during the required retention period. (b) The licensee shall retain the records required by paragraph (a) of this section until the Commission terminates each pertinent license requiring the record. The licensee shall post each radiation area with a conspicuous sign or signs bearing the radiation symbol and the words "CAUTION, RADIATION AREA. Marignac found a new component in the earth then known as erbia and named it ytterbia (after Ytterby, the 5841, 5842); Low-Level Radioactive Waste Policy Amendments Act of 1985, sec. The licensee shall evaluate and, to the extent practical, account for intakes through wounds or skin absorption. If the only intake of radionuclides is by inhalation, the total effective dose equivalent limit is not exceeded if the sum of the deep-dose equivalent divided by the total effective dose equivalent limit, and one of the following, does not exceed unity: (1) The sum of the fractions of the inhalation ALI for each radionuclide, or, (2) The total number of derived air concentration-hours (DAC-hours) for all radionuclides divided by 2,000, or. appendix; 3. regulation. ", (b) Posting of high radiation areas. [64 FR 54557, Oct. 7, 1999, as amended at 67 FR 77652, Dec. 19, 2002]. Prepare a new manifest that meets the requirements of this appendix. For each container of waste in the shipment, the manifest shall identify the waste generators, the preprocessed waste volume, and the other information as required in paragraph I.E. Radiation (ionizing radiation) means alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, x-rays, neutrons, high-speed electrons, high-speed protons, and other particles capable of producing ions. [56 FR 23404, May 21, 1991, as amended at 60 FR 20186, Apr. However, it is not a good choice for all high-end components, especially those that need to operate around the clock. (d) The licensee shall make a clear distinction among the quantities entered on the records required by this part (e.g., total effective dose equivalent, shallow-dose equivalent, lens dose equivalent, deep-dose equivalent, committed effective dose equivalent). Cerium is a soft, ductile, and silvery-white metal that tarnishes when exposed to air. Note: Airborne radioactivity measurements and DAC values should not be used as the primary means to assess the deep-dose equivalent when the airborne radioactive material includes radionuclides other than noble gases or if the cloud of airborne radioactive material is not relatively uniform. 20.2008 Disposal of certain byproduct material. g No NIOSH approval schedule is currently available for atmosphere supplying suits. These information collection requirements and the control numbers under which they are approved are as follows: (1) In 20.2104, NRC Form 4 is approved under control number 31500005. NOTE: For purposes of 20.1902(e), 20.1905(a), and 20.2201(a) where there is involved a combination of radionuclides in known amounts, the limit for the combination should be derived as follows: determine, for each radionuclide in the combination, the ratio between the quantity present in the combination and the limit otherwise established for the specific radionuclide when not in combination. Preparation of the new manifest reflects that the processor is responsible for meeting these requirements. 6, 2012; 80 FR 54233, Sep. 9, 2015; 80 FR 58574, Sep. 30, 2015]. (d) Privacy protection. [56 FR 23404, May 21, 1991, as amended at 60 FR 20186, Apr. Prepare a new manifest to reflect consolidated shipments that meet the requirements of this appendix. Annual limit on intake (ALI) means the derived limit for the amount of radioactive material taken into the body of an adult worker by inhalation or ingestion in a year. Sanitary sewerage means a system of public sewers for carrying off waste water and refuse, but excluding sewage treatment facilities, septic tanks, and leach fields owned or operated by the licensee. 20.1208 Dose equivalent to an embryo/fetus. Land disposal facility has the same meaning as that given in 61.2 of this chapter. Source: 56 FR 23404, May 21, 1991, unless otherwise noted. WebYtterbium has a single absorption band at 985 nanometers, which is used to convert infrared energy into electricity in solar cells. Quantitative fit test (QNFT) means an assessment of the adequacy of respirator fit by numerically measuring the amount of leakage into the respirator. Derived air concentrations based upon submersion are for immersion in a semi-infinite cloud of uniform concentration and apply to each radionuclide separately. 20.2106 Records of individual monitoring results. 6, 2012]. (Note: The origin of the LLW resulting from a processor's activities may be attributable to one or more "generators" (including "waste generators") as defined in this part). (c) When specific information on the physical and biochemical properties of the radionuclides taken into the body or the behavior or the material in an individual is known, the licensee may, (1) Use that information to calculate the committed effective dose equivalent, and, if used, the licensee shall document that information in the individual's record; and, (2) Upon prior approval of the Commission, adjust the DAC or ALI values to reflect the actual physical and chemical characteristics of airborne radioactive material (e.g., aerosol size distribution or density); and. Determination of the levels which are ALARA must take into account consideration of any detriments, such as traffic accidents, expected to potentially result from decontamination and waste disposal; (b) The licensee has made provisions for legally enforceable institutional controls that provide reasonable assurance that the TEDE from residual radioactivity distinguishable from background to the average member of the critical group will not exceed 25 mrem (0.25 mSv) per year; (c) The licensee has provided sufficient financial assurance to enable an independent third party, including a governmental custodian of a site, to assume and carry out responsibilities for any necessary control and maintenance of the site. Nitrogen is a nonmetal and the lightest member of group 15 of the periodic table, often called the pnictogens. 1. Yield: It is often termed as reaction yield or chemical yield. Unless otherwise authorized by the Commission, the symbol prescribed by this part shall use the colors magenta, or purple, or black on yellow background. Dose or radiation dose is a generic term that means absorbed dose, dose equivalent, effective dose equivalent, committed dose equivalent, committed effective dose equivalent, or total effective dose equivalent, as defined in other paragraphs of this section. Be traced and reported. (a) Each licensee who manufactures a nationally tracked source shall complete and submit a National Source Tracking Transaction Report. Controlled area means an area, outside of a restricted area but inside the site boundary, access to which can be limited by the licensee for any reason. (g) The licensee records the best estimate of the dose resulting from the planned special exposure in the individual's record and informs the individual, in writing, of the dose within 30 days from the date of the planned special exposure. (b) One curie=3.7x1010 disintegrations per second=3.7x1010 becquerels=2.22x1012 disintegrations per minute. The deep-dose equivalent, lens-dose equivalent, and shallow-dose equivalent may be assessed from surveys or other radiation measurements for the purpose of demonstrating compliance with the occupational dose limits, if the individual monitoring device was not in the region of highest potential exposure, or the results of individual monitoring are unavailable. The fluid nonmetals have very low densities, melting points and boiling points, and are poor conductors of heat and electricity. Class (or lung class or inhalation class) means a classification scheme for inhaled material according to its rate of clearance from the pulmonary region of the lung. (A), if the licensee. For any shipments or any part of a shipment for which acknowledgement of receipt has not been received within the times set forth in this appendix, conduct an investigation in accordance with paragraph E of this appendix. WebNo, alcohol does not conduct electricity. (c) The licensee shall periodically (at least annually) review the radiation protection program content and implementation. Occupational dose does not include doses received from background radiation, from any medical administration the individual has received, from exposure to individuals administered radioactive material and released under 35.75, from voluntary participation in medical research programs, or as a member of the public. 20.1204 Determination of internal exposure. The boron group are the chemical elements in group 13 of the periodic table, comprising boron (B), aluminium (Al), gallium (Ga), indium (In), thallium (Tl), and nihonium (Nh). [56 FR 23404, May 21, 1991, as amended at 60 FR 15663, Mar. However, all quantities must be recorded as stated in paragraph (a) of this section. (ii) Within 30 days after the occurrence of any lost, stolen, or missing licensed material becomes known to the licensee, all licensed material in a quantity greater than 10 times the quantity specified in appendix C to part 20 that is still missing at this time. (ii) Before, on, or after August 8, 2005, is extracted or converted after extraction for use in a commercial, medical, or research activity. (e) Any licensee shipping byproduct material as defined in paragraphs (3) and (4) of the definition of Byproduct material set forth in 20.1003 intended for ultimate disposal at a land disposal facility licensed under part 61 of this chapter must document the information required on the NRCs Uniform Low-Level Radioactive Waste Manifest and transfer this recorded manifest information to the intended consignee in accordance with appendix G to this part. (ii) The sum of the deep-dose equivalent and the committed dose equivalent to any individual organ or tissue other than the lens of the eye being equal to 50 rems (0.5 Sv). The licensee shall obtain authorization from the Commission before using assigned protection factors in excess of those specified in Appendix A to Part 20. 20.1302 Compliance with dose limits for individual members of the public. 20.2207 Reports of transactions involving nationally tracked sources. (e) If the licensee is unable to obtain a complete record of an individual's current and previously accumulated occupational dose, the licensee shall assume, (1) In establishing administrative controls under 20.1201(f) for the current year, that the allowable dose limit for the individual is reduced by 1.25 rems (12.5 mSv) for each quarter for which records were unavailable and the individual was engaged in activities that could have resulted in occupational radiation exposure; and. [72 FR 59163, Oct. 19, 2007; 86 FR 43401, Aug. 9, 2021]. Graphite contains delocalised electrons (free electrons). The shipper of the radioactive waste shall provide the following information on the uniform manifest regarding the waste and each disposal container of waste in the shipment: 1. Shipping paper means NRC Form 540 and, if required, NRC Form 540A which includes the information required by DOT in 49 CFR part 172. (1) Monitor the external surfaces of a labeled3a package for radioactive contamination unless the package contains only radioactive material in the form of a gas or in special form as defined in 10 CFR 71.4; (2) Monitor the external surfaces of a labeled3a package for radiation levels unless the package contains quantities of radioactive material that are less than or equal to the Type A quantity, as defined in 71.4 and appendix A to part 71 of this chapter; and. [63 FR 50128, Sept. 21, 1998; 72 FR 55922, Oct. 1, 2007]. The approximate volume of waste within a container; 9. (b) Twenty-four hour notification. 5814) and retransferred to the Secretary of Energy pursuant to section 301(a) of the Department of Energy Organization Act (Pub. 25, 1995; 61 FR 24673, May 16, 1996]. It is also recognized that it is difficult to perform an effective positive or negative pressure pre-use user seal check on this type of device. [56 FR 23396, May 21, 1991, as amended at 61 FR 65127, Dec. 10, 1996; 63 FR 39482, July 23, 1998]. Copies of manifests required by this appendix may be legible carbon copies, photocopies, or computer printouts that reproduce the data in the format of the uniform manifest. (a) Definitions. Quality Factor (Q) means the modifying factor (listed in tables 1004(b).1 and 1004(b).2 of 20.1004) that is used to derive dose equivalent from absorbed dose. Cerium is the second element in the lanthanide series, and while it often shows the +3 oxidation state characteristic of the series, it also has a stable +4 state that does not oxidize water. Working level month (WLM) means an exposure to 1 working level for 170 hours (2,000 working hours per year/12 months per year=approximately 170 hours per month). Air purifying respirators with APF = 100 must be equipped with particulate filters that are at least 99 percent efficient. (c) This part contains information collection requirements in addition to those approved under the control number specified in paragraph (a) of this section. (c) Additional information on signs and labels. (c) The licensee shall file the report required by 20.2206(b), covering the preceding year, on or before April 30 of each year. WebYtterbium bromide (YbBr 3) Ytterbium chloride (YbCl 2) Ytterbium trichloride (YbCl 3) Ytterbium oxide (Yb 2 O 3) Interesting facts: It was discovered by separating gadolinite into three different materials: yttria, erbia and terbia. (4) Records of the results of measurements and calculations used to evaluate the release of radioactive effluents to the environment. Under these circumstances, limitations on occupancy may have to be governed by external dose limits. The total disposal volume and disposal weight in the shipment; 4. (c) The dose equivalent to the embryo/fetus is the sum of, (1) The deep-dose equivalent to the declared pregnant woman; and. (1) Establish, maintain, and retain written procedures for safely opening packages in which radioactive material is received; and. 27, 1995, as amended at 60 FR 25983, May 16, 1995; 68 FR 58802, Oct. 10, 2003; 70 FR 69421, Nov. 16, 2005; 80 FR 74979, Dec. 1, 2015], Page Last Reviewed/Updated Monday, May 09, 2022, Controlled Unclassified Information Program (CUI), Alpha particles, multiple-charged particles, fission fragments and heavy particles of unknown charge, I. Air Purifying Respirators [Particulate, II. 20.1009 Information collection requirements: OMB approval. (e) If a license condition cites provisions in requirements in the standards for protection against radiation in effect prior to January 1, 19941 and there are no corresponding provisions in 20.1001-20.2402, then the license condition remains in force until there is a technical specification change, license amendment, or license renewal that modifies or removes this condition. Derived air concentration-hour (DAC-hour) is the product of the concentration of radioactive material in air (expressed as a fraction or multiple of the derived air concentration for each radionuclide) and the time of exposure to that radionuclide, in hours. d Licensees may permit individuals to use this type of respirator who have not been medically screened or fit tested on the device provided that no credit be taken for their use in estimating intake or dose. [56 FR 23408, May 21, 1991; 56 FR 61352, Dec. 3, 1991, as amended at 57 FR 55071, Nov. 24, 1992]. Self-contained breathing Apparatus (SCBA): Any combination of air-purifying and atmosphere-supplying Package means the assembly of components necessary to ensure compliance with the packaging requirements of DOT regulations, together with its radioactive contents, as presented for transport. The application must include evidence that the material and performance characteristics of the equipment are capable of providing the proposed degree of protection under anticipated conditions of use. ", (e) Posting of areas or rooms in which licensed material is used or stored. (1) Funds placed into a trust segregated from the licensee's assets and outside the licensee's administrative control, and in which the adequacy of the trust funds is to be assessed based on an assumed annual 1 percent real rate of return on investment; (2) A statement of intent in the case of Federal, State, or local Government licensees, as described in 30.35(f)(4) of this chapter; or. However, the licensee shall also ensure that the 50-rem dose equivalent limit for any organ or tissue is not exceeded by the sum of the external deep dose equivalent plus the internal committed dose to that organ (not the effective dose). Waste collector means an entity, operating under a Commission or Agreement State license, whose principal purpose is to collect and consolidate waste generated by others, and to transfer this waste, without processing or repackaging the collected waste, to another licensed waste collector, licensed waste processor, or licensed land disposal facility. The total masses of U-233, U-235, and plutonium in special nuclear material, and the total mass of uranium and thorium in source material. 4 Licensees are not required to partition historical dose between external dose equivalent(s) and internal committed dose equivalent(s). This is the same as the concentration found in human milk (0.2%). (3) The sum of these percentages for all of the radionuclides disregarded in the mixture does not exceed 30 percent. 20.2201 Reports of theft or loss of licensed material. The total radioactivity within each container; and. classified as D, W, or Y, which applies to a range of clearance half-times: for Class D (Days) of less than 10 days, for Class W (Weeks) from 10 to 100 days, and for Class Y Years) of greater than 100 days. (c) A licensee may apply to the Commission for approval of alternative methods for controlling access to high radiation areas. Can yttrium conduct electricity? These characteristics may be used by researchers and public health workers to standardize results of experiments and to relate biological insult to a common base. These groupings (including occupational inhalation ALIs and DACs, air and water effluent concentrations and sewerage) require demonstrating that the most limiting radionuclides in successive classes are absent. Category 1 nationally tracked sources are those containing radioactive material at a quantity equal to or greater than the Category 1 Nationally tracked source is a sealed source containing a quantity equal to or greater than Category 1 or Category 2 levels of any radioactive material listed in Appendix E of this part. (c) The licensee shall implement and maintain a respiratory protection program that includes: (1) Air sampling sufficient to identify the potential hazard, permit proper equipment selection, and estimate doses; (2) Surveys and bioassays, as necessary, to evaluate actual intakes; (3) Testing of respirators for operability (user seal check for face sealing devices and functional check for others) immediately prior to each use; (i) Monitoring, including air sampling and bioassays; (ii) Supervision and training of respirator users; (vii) Storage, issuance, maintenance, repair, testing, and quality assurance of respiratory protection equipment; (ix) Limitations on periods of respirator use and relief from respirator use; (5) Determination by a physician that the individual user is medically fit to use respiratory protection equipment: (i) Before the initial fitting of a face sealing respirator; (ii) Before the first field use of non-face sealing respirators, and. (c) In complying with the requirements of paragraphs (a) or (b) of this section, a licensee may. 27, 2006; 75 FR 21980, Apr. (f) The licensee shall retain the records on NRC Form 4 or equivalent until the Commission terminates each pertinent license requiring this record. Operationally, the inhaled concentration can be estimated by dividing the ambient airborne concentration by the APF. For waste consigned to a disposal facility, the maximum radiation level at the surface of each disposal container; 6. The licensee shall submit a written report to the Administrator of the appropriate NRC Regional Office listed in appendix D to part 20 within 30 days following any planned special exposure conducted in accordance with 20.1206, informing the Commission that a planned special exposure was conducted and indicating the date the planned special exposure occurred and the information required by 20.2105. (b) The licensee shall make efforts to avoid substantial variation above a uniform monthly exposure rate to a declared pregnant woman so as to satisfy the limit in paragraph (a) of this section. The factor of 7.3 x 107 (ml) includes the following components: the factors of 50 and 2 described above and a factor of 7.3 x 105 (ml) which is the annual water intake of "Reference Man.". According to the law of electrostatics, a charged body, when placed in an electric field, is accelerated in the direction of electric field. If the occupationally exposed individual also receives an intake of radionuclides by oral ingestion greater than 10 percent of the applicable oral ALI, the licensee shall account for this intake and include it in demonstrating compliance with the limits. 2201), and section 3(b)(2) of the Low-Level Radioactive Waste Policy Amendments Act of 1985 (99 Stat. [56 FR 23396, May 21, 1991, as amended at 60 FR 20185, Apr. (2) Any material artificially enriched by any of the foregoing but does not include source material. When a licensee is required by 20.2203 or 20.2204 to report to the Commission any exposure of an identified occupationally exposed individual, or an identified member of the public, to radiation or radioactive material, the licensee shall also provide the individual a report on his or her exposure data included in the report to Commission. 12. The licensee shall post each area or room in which there is used or stored an amount of licensed material exceeding 10 times the quantity of such material specified in appendix C to part 20 with a conspicuous sign or signs bearing the radiation symbol and the words "CAUTION, RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL(S)" or "DANGER, RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL(S). (a) Section 223 of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended, provides for criminal sanctions for willful violation of, attempted violation of, or conspiracy to violate, any regulation issued under sections 161b, 161i, or 161o of the Act. The records required under this section should be protected from public disclosure because of their personal privacy nature. (5) Disposal at a geologic repository under part 60 or part 63 of this chapter. Week means 7 consecutive days starting on Sunday. (a) One becquerel=1 disintegration per second (s-1). [56 FR 23401, May 21, 1991, as amended at 57 FR 39357, Aug. 31, 1992; 60 FR 20185, Apr. Any waste collector licensee who handles only prepackaged waste shall: 1. Notify the shipper and the Administrator of the nearest Commission Regional Office listed in appendix D of this part when any shipment, or part of a shipment, has not arrived within 60 days after receipt of an advance manifest, unless notified by the shipper that the shipment has been cancelled. (a) Each licensee shall conduct operations so that, (1) The total effective dose equivalent to individual members of the public from the licensed operation does not exceed 0.1 rem (1 mSv) in a year, exclusive of the dose contributions from background radiation, from any administration the individual has received, from exposure to individuals administered radioactive material and released under 35.75, from voluntary participation in medical research programs, and from the licensee's disposal of radioactive material into sanitary sewerage in accordance with 20.2003, and. (b) Rooms or other areas in hospitals that are occupied by patients are not required to be posted with caution signs pursuant to 20.1902 provided that the patient could be released from licensee control pursuant to 35.75 of this chapter. A collector in signing the certification is certifying that nothing has been done to the collected waste which would invalidate the waste generator's certification. 8. (a) A licensee may treat or dispose of licensed material by incineration only: (1) As authorized by paragraph (b) of this section; or, (2) If the material is in a form and concentration specified in 20.2005; or. (f) Licensees transferring special form sources in licensee-owned or licensee-operated vehicles to and from a work site are exempt from the contamination monitoring requirements of paragraph (b) of this section, but are not exempt from the survey requirement in paragraph (b) of this section for measuring radiation levels that is required to ensure that the source is still properly lodged in its shield. (1) Informed of the purpose of the planned operation; (2) Informed of the estimated doses and associated potential risks and specific radiation levels or other conditions that might be involved in performing the task; and. Determination of the levels which are ALARA must take into account consideration of any detriments, such as deaths from transportation accidents, expected to potentially result from decontamination and waste disposal. If the licensee assigns or permits the use of respiratory protection equipment to limit the intake of radioactive material. (a) Each licensee shall maintain records of the radiation protection program, including: (2) Audits and other reviews of program content and implementation. 201, 202 (42 U.S.C. Committed effective dose equivalent (HE,50) is the sum of the products of the weighting factors applicable to each of the body organs or tissues that are irradiated and the committed dose equivalent (3) Supplement existing requirements concerning transfers and recordkeeping for those wastes. The sum of such ratios for all radionuclides in the combination may not exceed "1" (i.e., "unity"). The name, address, and telephone number, or the name and EPA identification number for the carrier transporting the waste. 20.1405 Public notification and public participation. Uranium fuel cycle does not include mining operations, operations at waste disposal sites, transportation of radioactive material in support of these operations, and the reuse of recovered non-uranium special nuclear and byproduct materials from the cycle. Chemically, it is denoted by Xe. Note that the columns in Table 1, of this appendix captioned "Oral Ingestion ALI," "Inhalation ALI," and "DAC," are applicable to occupational exposure to radioactive material. For discrete waste types (i.e., activated materials, contaminated equipment, mechanical filters, sealed source/devices, and wastes in Both types are acceptable so long as the seal area of the latter contains some substantial type of seal-enhancing material such as rubber or plastic, the two or more suspension straps are adjustable, the filter medium is at least 95 percent efficient and all other requirements of this Part are met. (3) Entryways that are locked, except during periods when access to the areas is required, with positive control over each individual entry. Committed dose equivalent (HT,50) means the dose equivalent to organs or tissues of reference (T) that will be received from an intake of radioactive material by an individual during the 50-year period following the intake. Very high radiation area means an area, accessible to individuals, in which radiation levels from radiation sources external to the body could result in an individual receiving an absorbed dose in excess of 500 rads (5 grays) in 1 hour at 1 meter from a radiation source or 1 meter from any surface that the radiation penetrates. Values of 100 Ci have been assigned for radionuclides having a radioactive half-life in excess of 109 years (except rhenium, 1000 Ci) to take into account their low specific activity. The licensee shall post each very high radiation area with a conspicuous sign or signs bearing the radiation symbol and words "GRAVE DANGER, VERY HIGH RADIATION AREA. The oxide forms a protective layer on the surface. This makes it ideal for immersion-cooling. Include NRC Form 540 (and NRC Form 540A, if required) with the shipment regardless of the option chosen in paragraph C.6 of this section; 8. 13, 1994; 60 FR 24551, May 9, 1995; 62 FR 22880, Apr. For radionuclides, where the non-stochastic limit was governing in deriving the occupational DAC, the stochastic ALI was used in deriving the corresponding airborne effluent limit in Table 2. (c) After a site has been decommissioned and the license terminated in accordance with the criteria in this subpart, or after part of a facility or site has been released for unrestricted use in accordance with 50.83 of this chapter and in accordance with the criteria in this subpart, the Commission will require additional cleanup only, if based on new information, it determines that the criteria of this subpart were not met and residual radioactivity remaining at the site could result in significant threat to public health and safety. 6 A previous 20.304 permitted burial of small quantities of licensed materials in soil before January 28, 1981, without specific Commission authorization. (i) For holders of an operating license for a nuclear power plant, the events included in paragraph (b) of this section must be reported in accordance with the procedures described in 50.73(b), (c), (d), (e), and (g) of this chapter and must include the information required in paragraph (b)(1) of this section, and. (i) Licensees having an installed Emergency Notification System shall make the reports to the NRC Operations Center in accordance with 50.72 of this chapter, and. (2) Five times the annual dose limits in 20.1201(a) during the individual's lifetime. (1) A control device that, upon entry into the area, causes the level of radiation to be reduced below that level at which an individual might receive a deep-dose equivalent of 0.1 rem (1 mSv) in 1 hour at 30 centimeters from the radiation source or from any surface that the radiation penetrates; (2) A control device that energizes a conspicuous visible or audible alarm signal so that the individual entering the high radiation area and the supervisor of the activity are made aware of the entry; or. [56 FR 23406, May 21, 1991, as amended at 56 FR 32072, July 15, 1991; 66 FR 5578, Nov. 2, 2001; 68 FR 58802, Oct. 10, 2003]. The sorbing or solidification media, if any, and the identity of the solidification media vendor and brand name; 10. commercial, medical, or research activity; and, (4) Any discrete source of naturally occurring radioactive material, other than source material, that, (i) The Commission, in consultation with the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, the Department means the Department of Energy established by the Department of Energy Organization Act (Pub. This includes those records of the results of measurements and calculations used to evaluate the release of radioactive effluents to the environment required under the standards for protection against radiation in effect prior to January 1, 1994. Total Effective Dose Equivalent (TEDE) means the sum of the effective dose equivalent (for external exposures) and the committed effective dose equivalent (for internal exposures). Respiratory protective device means an apparatus, such as a respirator, used to reduce the individual's intake of airborne radioactive materials. [56 FR 23398, May 21, 1991, as amended at 60 FR 48625, Sept. 20, 1995; 62 FR 4133, Jan. 29, 1997; 67 FR 20370, Apr. Include NRC Form 540 (and NRC Form 540A, if required) with the shipment regardless of the option chosen in paragraph B.3 of this section; 5. Declared pregnant woman means a woman who has voluntarily informed the licensee, in writing, of her pregnancy and the estimated date of conception. The columns in Table 2 of this appendix captioned "Effluents," "Air," and "Water," are applicable to the assessment and control of dose to the public, particularly in the implementation of the provisions of 20.1302. 25, 1995; 66 FR 64738, Dec. 14, 2001; 67 FR 3585, Jan. 25, 2002; 78 FR 17006, Mar. Conduct a quality assurance program to assure compliance with 61.55 and 61.56 of this chapter (the program must include management evaluation of audits); 4. It does not mean material encapsulated solely for disposal, or nuclear material contained in any fuel assembly, subassembly, fuel rod, or fuel pellet. In addition, each licensee shall reconcile the inventory of nationally tracked sources possessed by the licensee against that licensees data in the National Source Tracking System. (a) The Commission may terminate a license using alternate criteria greater than the dose criterion of 20.1402, 20.1403(b), and 20.1403(d)(1)(i) Acknowledge receipt of the waste within one week of receipt by returning, as a minimum, a signed copy of NRC Form 540 to the shipper. Airborne radioactive material means radioactive material dispersed in the air in the form of dusts, fumes, particulates, mists, vapors, or gases. Source: 56 FR 23408, May 21, 1991, unless otherwise noted. The factor of 300 includes the following components: a factor of 50 to relate the 5-rem annual occupational dose limit to the 0.1-rem limit for members of the public, a factor of 3 to adjust for the difference in exposure time and the inhalation rate for a worker and that for members of the public; and a factor of 2 to adjust the occupational values (derived for adults) so that they are applicable to other age groups. 7151). It is located at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in Livermore, California.. NIF's mission is to achieve fusion ignition with high energy gain.It supports nuclear weapon maintenance and design by studying the behavior of matter under the conditions found within (vi) Procedures or measures that have been, or will be, adopted to ensure against a recurrence of the loss or theft of licensed material. threshold. The class (D, W, or Y) given in the column headed "Class" applies only to the inhalation ALIs and DACs given in Table 1, columns 2 and 3. Acknowledge receipt of the waste from the shipper within one week of receipt by returning a signed copy of NRC Form 540; 2. In this case, the licensee may, as a simplifying assumption, use the stochastic ALIs to determine committed effective dose equivalent. (b) Unless respiratory protective equipment is used, as provided in 20.1703, or the assessment of intake is based on bioassays, the licensee shall assume that an individual inhales radioactive material at the airborne concentration in which the individual is present. Source: 56 FR 23398, May 21, 1991, unless otherwise noted. Sievert is the SI unit of any of the quantities expressed as dose equivalent. Unlike chemical compounds, chemical elements cannot be broken down into simpler substances by any chemical reaction.The number of protons in the nucleus is the defining property of an element, and is referred to as This classification applies to a range of clearance half-times of less than 10 days for D, for W from 10 to 100 days, and for Y greater than 100 days. 20.2104 Determination of prior occupational dose. 25, 1995]. A licensee or applicant for a license may apply to the Commission for approval of proposed procedures, not otherwise authorized in the regulations in this chapter, to dispose of licensed material generated in the licensee's activities. Examples of this type of respirator are a disposable half-mask respirator or a disposable escape-only self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Receive acknowledgement of the receipt of the shipment in the form of a signed copy of NRC Form 540; 6. The determination of the deep-dose equivalent to an individual should be based upon measurements using instruments or individual monitoring devices. Computer-readable medium means that the regulatory agency's computer can transfer the information from the medium into its memory. Residual waste means low-level radioactive waste resulting from processing or decontamination activities that cannot be easily separated into distinct batches attributable to specific waste generators. 20.1703 Use of individual respiratory protection equipment. (b) Exception to color requirements for standard radiation symbol. Assigned protection factor for type and mode of operation Generator means a licensee operating under a Commission or Agreement State license who (1) is a waste generator as defined in this part, or (2) is the licensee to whom waste can be attributed within the context of the Low-Level Radioactive Waste Policy Amendments Act of 1985 (e.g., waste generated as a result of decontamination or recycle activities). This section applies to disposal containers enclosing mixtures of waste originating from different generators. (2) All doses in excess of the limits (including doses received during accidents and emergencies) received during the lifetime of the individual. Atmosphere-supplying respirator means a respirator that supplies the respirator user with breathing air from a source independent of the ambient atmosphere, and includes supplied-air respirators (SARs) and self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) units. 2. (d) Prior to permitting an individual to participate in a planned special exposure, the licensee ascertains prior doses as required by 20.2104(b) during the lifetime of the individual for each individual involved. Notwithstanding any other requirements for notification, each licensee shall immediately report any event involving byproduct, source, or special nuclear material possessed by the licensee that may have caused or threatens to cause any of the following conditions, (i) A total effective dose equivalent of 25 rems (0.25 Sv) or more; or, (ii) A lens dose equivalent of 75 rems (0.75 Sv) or more; or, (iii) A shallow-dose equivalent to the skin or extremities of 250 rads (2.5 Gy) or more; or. Source: 56 FR 23401, May 21, 1991, unless otherwise noted. Tight-fitting facepiece means a respiratory inlet covering that forms a complete seal with the face. It should be noted that the classification of a compound as Class D, W, or Y is based on the chemical form of the compound and does not take into account the radiological half-life of different radioisotopes. [56 FR 23398, May 21, 1991, as amended at 60 FR 20185, Apr. Fit factor means a quantitative estimate of the fit of a particular respirator to a specific individual, and typically estimates the ratio of the concentration of a substance in ambient air to its concentration inside the respirator when worn. Helmet means a rigid respiratory inlet covering that also provides head protection against impact and penetration. All high-end components, especially those that need to operate around the clock Posting of high radiation areas Aug.. Practical, account for intakes through wounds or skin absorption decay of does ytterbium conduct electricity material minute! Or chemical yield airborne concentration by the shipper of the foregoing but does not exceed percent... 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