In the south, the offensive went equally well, with Southwestern Front forces relieving Tula on 16 December 1941. By early 1943, the Wehrmacht had to disengage from the salient as the whole front was moving west. [9] The ship was declared a total loss on 28 January.[10]. The Nazis set up border patrols to stop these flights across the very long border, but locals who knew the woods found ways to bypass them. Rodric Braithwaite, "Moscow 1941: A City and Its People at War", p. 345. [11] Many of these women were detained at internment camps such as the one on Hovedya, and some were even deported to Germany. A Museum of the Defence of Moscow was created in 1995. The average high temperature during this time is 75F. A total of 10,262 Norwegians lost their lives in the conflict or while imprisoned. Prior to the invasion, on 14 and 18 December 1939, Vidkun Quisling, the leader of Norway's fascist party, the Nasjonal Samling ("National Gathering"), had tried to persuade Adolf Hitler that he would form a government in support of occupying Germans. [21] When Walther von Brauchitsch, Commander-in-Chief of the Army, supported a direct thrust to Moscow, he was told that "only ossified brains could think of such an idea". The Russian Naval Aviation (Russian: - , tr. [64] Moreover, it exposed the German tank armies to flanking attacks from the Soviet 49th and 50th Armies, located near Tula, further slowing the advance. [33], The weather began to change, hampering both sides. Zhukov diverted more forces to the southern end of the bulge, to help Konev trap the Third Panzer Army. A major storm on 7 April resulted in the British Navy failing to make material contact with the German shipping. German civilian moralelow since the start of Barbarossasignificantly improved, with rumors of soldiers home by Christmas and great riches from the future Lebensraum in the east. [4]:90 British and French troops began to land at Narvik on 14 April. In the end, 37 people were executed by Norwegian authorities: 25 Norwegians on the grounds of treason, and 12 Germans on the grounds of crimes against humanity. Shortly afterward, British troops landed at Namsos and ndalsnes, to attack Trondheim from the north and from the south, respectively. The first wave of German attackers counted only about 10,000 men. [93] Walther von Brauchitsch, Hitler's commander-in-chief, had been removed even earlier, on 19 December. The force arrived in Murmansk on 6 November and went with a Soviet ship to Liinakhamari in North-western Soviet Union (former North-eastern Finland), from where trucks took them to Norway, arriving on 10 November. The home front consisted of sabotage, raids and clandestine operations (as was often performed by members of Milorg), as well as intelligence gathering (for which XU was founded). [112], On the Russian side, discipline became ferocious. [101] In particular, the initial Soviet advance was unable to reduce the Rzhev salient, held by several divisions of Army Group Centre. The envoy was named Force 138 and the operation was called "Operation Crofter". The occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany during the Second World War began on 9 April 1940 after Operation Weserbung. [citation needed] In particular, some sources (such as Erickson[109] and Glantz[110]) exclude the Rzhev offensive from the scope of the battle, considering it as a distinct operation and making the Moscow offensive "stop" on 7 January 1942thus lowering the number of casualties. One of the most successful actions undertaken by the Norwegian resistance was the Norwegian heavy water sabotage, which crippled the German nuclear energy project. The Soviet defensive effort frustrated Hitler's attack on Moscow, the capital and largest city of the Soviet Union. Glantz, chapter 6, sub-ch. Membership in the Nasjonal Samling did increase slightly in the first few years of the occupation, but never reached significant levels, and eroded towards the end of the war. [20], For Hitler, the Soviet capital was secondary, and he believed the only way to bring the Soviet Union to its knees was to defeat it economically. In the south, near Tula, combat resumed on 18 November 1941, with the Second Panzer Army trying to encircle the city. Alan F. Wilt. In the end, 20,000 Norwegians and a smaller number of Germans were given prison sentences. Guderian's army "beat a hasty retreat towards Venev" and then Sukhinichi. This estimate proved wrong, as Stalin transferred over 18 divisions, 1,700 tanks, and over 1,500 aircraft from Siberia and the Far East. By that time the German offensive in France had progressed to such an extent that the British could no longer afford any commitment in Norway, and the 25,000 Britons and Frenchmen were evacuated from Narvik only 10 days after their victory. Eleven of the 12 crew were lost; a single survivor was rescued by divers from the submerged wreck after three days underwater. The Battle of Moscow was a military campaign that consisted of two periods of strategically significant fighting on a 600km (370mi) sector of the Eastern Front during World War II. Most notorious among these was Henry Oliver Rinnan, the leader of the Sonderabteilung Lola (locally known as Rinnanbanden or "the Rinnan gang"), a group of informants who infiltrated the Norwegian resistance, hence managing to capture and murder many of its members. However, because of Anglo-French arguments, the date of the mining was postponed from 5 April to 8 April. 74 ff. While the Germans were aware of the continuous influx of Soviet reinforcements from the east as well as the presence of large reserves, given the tremendous Soviet casualties, they did not expect the Soviets to be able to mount a determined defense. After much vicious fighting, the 1st Guards Cavalry Corps was able to repel the armoured forces of Guderian and subsequently drove them back by 40 kilometres to the town of Mordves. By the autumn of 1939 there was an increasing sense of urgency because of its long western coastline facing access routes into the North Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean that Norway had to prepare, not only to protect its neutrality, but indeed to fight for its freedom and independence. This offensive had limited tank support and was directed against extensive Soviet defenses. [15] Many of the Germans were killed through their guards' habit of chasing them criss-cross over a cleared field to ensure that no mines remained.[16]. Great Soviet Encyclopedia, Moscow, 197378, entry "Battle of Moscow 194142". At the outset of World War II in September 1939, Denmark declared itself neutral. Norway is a country located in Northern Europe in the northern and western parts of the Scandinavian Peninsula.The majority of the country borders water, including the Skagerrak inlet to the south, the North Sea to the southwest, the North Atlantic Ocean (Norwegian Sea) to the west, and the Barents Sea to the north. Over time, an organized armed resistance movement, known as Milorg and numbering some 40,000 armed men at the end of the war, was formed under a largely unified command, something which greatly facilitated the transfer of power in May 1945. However, if you ever find a lower price for the same ship, date [4]:77 This prompted the Norwegian government to unanimously advise him not to appoint any government headed by Quisling. These included 84,000 Russians. We've built a reputation for discounts, service and professionalism that is second to none. [citation needed], The Third Panzer Army captured Klin after heavy fighting on 23 November, Solnechnogorsk as well by 24 November and Istra, by 24/25 November. On 26 April the British decided to evacuate Norway. The plan was for them to reach Lakselv in Norway, 160mi (260km) west, by 15 November. [79] This caused some 3040 villages to become partially submerged even in the severe winter weather conditions of the time. However most organizations opted for passive resistance. The new year would see the Norwegian forces slowly taking back a battered Finnmark, helping the local population in the bitter arctic winter and dealing with occasional German raids from the air, sea and land as well as the ever-present danger from mines. [80] This began with the blowing up of the Istra[ru] waterworks reservoir dam on 24 November 1941. German estimated: 174,194 KIA, WIA, MIA (see 7)[14]. The parade is held to commemorate the historical event as a Day of Military Honour. This was followed by the counter-offensive by the 1st Guards Cavalry Corps whose flanks were secured by the 10th Army, 49th Army and 50th Army who attacked from Tula. Australia and New Zealand cruise and land tours are usually available from December through April. Illegal newspapers were distributed, including Friheten, Vrt Land, Fritt Land. The Germans were determined to leave nothing of value to the Soviets, as Hitler had ordered Rendulic to leave the area devoid of people, shelter and supplies. Near Juminda peninsula Soviet fleet ran into minefield that had Approximately 50,000 Norwegians were arrested by the Germans during the occupation. strategically, to secure ice-free harbors from which its naval forces could seek to control the North Atlantic; to pre-empt a British and French invasion with the same purpose; and. This left Norway with only 43% of its production being freely available. Soviet troops liberated Naro-Fominsk only on 26 December, Kaluga on 28 December, and Maloyaroslavets on 2January, after ten days of violent action. Rather than travelling large distances, our aim is to ensure you see as much as possible. The Air Force operated four squadrons in support of Allied forces: A number of Norwegian volunteers also served in British RAF units. The Schutzstaffel maintained a strength of six thousand in Norway during the Second World War, under the command of Obergruppenfhrer Wilhelm Rediess, the Higher SS and Police Leader (HSSPF) from June 1940 to the end of the war. Artificial floods were also used as an unconventional weapon of direct impact. HMS Furious was a modified Courageous-class battlecruiser built for the Royal Navy (RN) during the First World War.Designed to support the Baltic Project championed by the First Sea Lord, Lord Fisher, the ship was very lightly armoured and designed with a main battery of only two 18-inch (457 mm) guns. The German Army Group North moved towards Leningrad, Army Group South took control of Ukraine, and Army Group Centre advanced towards Moscow. Should Kashira fall, the road to Moscow would be open for the 2nd Panzer Group. [citation needed], Furious that his army had been unable to take Moscow, Hitler dismissed his commander-in-chief, Walther von Brauchitsch, on 19 December 1941, and took personal charge of the Wehrmacht,[94] effectively taking control of all military decisions. Germany became the main trading partner, but could not make up for the lost import and export business. On his return to Norway, General Bhme issued a secret directive to his commanders in which he ordered "unconditional military obedience" and "iron discipline". Sources: Prien, J.; Stremmer, G.; Rodeike, P.; Bock, W. Liedtke, Enduring the Whirlwind, 3449. Bergen During winter, the temperature remains slightly above freezing (0 C or 32 F) in the southern part; for example, Bergen, the second largest city of the country, has an average temperature in An administrative council led by Ingolf Elster Christensen was therefore established on 15 April to administer those areas which had so far come under German control. Moreover, many towns and settlements were damaged or destroyed by bombing and fighting. These included Norwegian Jews, political activists, and others who had reason to fear for their lives. On the pretext that Norway needed protection from British and French interference, Germany invaded Norway for several reasons: Through neglect both on the part of the Norwegian foreign minister Halvdan Koht and minister of defense Birger Ljungberg, Norway was largely unprepared for the German military invasion when it came on the night of 89 April 1940. The same cold weather hit the Soviet troops, but they were better prepared. The classic voyage from Bergen to Kirkenes and back to Bergen takes 12 days with departures available on most days throughout the year. Regimental Band of the 154th Preobrazhensky Regiment, Central Military Band of the Ministry of Defense of Russia, German war crimes during the Battle of Moscow, " XX . Because of this, the Moscow theater remained a priority for Stalin, who at first appeared to be in shock due to the initial German success. Norwegian survivors began to emerge from the German concentration camps. [58], By 15 November 1941, the ground had finally frozen, solving the mud problem. Discover the stunning fjords of Southern Norway or head north to explore a remote and ethereal wonderland. [58] On the same day, the French-manned 638th Infantry Regiment, the only foreign formation of the Wehrmacht that took part in the advance on Moscow, went into action near the village of Diutkovo. Several of the high ranking Nazi and SS officials chose to kill themselves rather than surrender. However, following Adolf Hitler's suicide on 30 April, Hitler's successor Admiral Karl Dnitz summoned Terboven and General Franz Bhme, Commander-in-Chief of German forces in Norway, to a meeting in Flensburg, where they were ordered to follow the General headquarters' instructions. Zhukov recalled in his memoirs that "The enemy, ignoring the casualties, was making frontal assaults, willing to get to Moscow by any means necessary. The complement of surviving German fighter aircraft that once served with JG 5 comprises some twenty examples of the Messerschmitt Bf 109, and several examples of the radial-engined versions of the Focke-Wulf Fw 190. The rest participated in liberation of the rest of Norway after the German surrender in May 1945. On 24 December 1943: 2,406,100 personnel. Artillery support and sapper teams were also concentrated along major roads that German troops were expected to use in their attacks. Keep in mind that August is also the year's wettest time since it sees the most rain. [citation needed], In the last two years of the war, the Norwegian government in exile in London obtained permission and cooperation from the Swedish authorities to secretly raise military formations on Swedish territory in the form of the so-called "Police troops" (Polititroppene) recruited from Norwegian refugees. [43], However, Red Army resistance had slowed the Wehrmacht. 28,750 were arrested, though most were released for lack of evidence. About 300,000 Germans were garrisoned in Norway for the rest of the war. by imposing martial law in Trondheim and ordering the destruction of the village of Telavg). Three rifle and two tank divisions were transferred from East Siberia with more to follow. As Hitler had never had to lie about a specific and verifiable military fact, Dietrich convinced foreign correspondents that the collapse of all Soviet resistance was perhaps hours away. At this time of year, you could explore the country independently via trains and cruises or book a partially guided tour to Northern Norway. Five days later, when the German army prepared to withdraw, only around 45,000 short tons (41,000t) had been saved. It was taken to America and shown at the Globe in New York in August 1942. The risk of being discovered by patrolling German boats was a constant threat during the months waiting for liberation. Quisling was consequently re-instituted as head of state on 20 February 1942, although Terboven retained the sole means to use violence as a political tool, which he did on several occasions (e.g. The air raids caused only limited damage because of extensive anti-aircraft defenses and effective civilian fire brigades. By the end of the war, German occupation had reduced Norway's GDP by 45% more than any other occupied country. As it turned out, most of the plans enabled by the budgetary expansion were not completed in time. The history of the resistance movement may have been glorified excessively, but it has also provided Norwegian military and political leaders with durable role models. [67], Because of the resistance on both the northern and southern sides of Moscow, on 1December the Wehrmacht attempted a direct offensive from the west along the Minsk-Moscow highway near the city of Naro-Fominsk. With the Soviets hard on their heels, the Corps reached Kirkenes by 20 October. Combined, the Norwegian fighter squadrons (No. [17] As a result of the failed offensive, Field Marshal Walther von Brauchitsch was dismissed as supreme commander of the German Army, with Hitler replacing him in the position. While resistance in Norway had little military success, it had the significant political effect of allowing the Norwegian government, including the royal family, to escape. Despite recent reinforcements, only around 90,000 Soviet soldiers manned this linefar too few to stem the German advance. By July 1941, Army Group Centre crossed the Dnieper River, on the path to Moscow. Operation Uranus (Russian: , romanized: Operatsiya "Uran") was the codename of the Soviet Red Army's 1923 November 1942 strategic operation on the Eastern Front of World War II which led to the encirclement of Axis forces in the vicinity of Stalingrad: the German Sixth Army, the Third and Fourth Romanian armies, and portions of the German Fourth Panzer Army. Since the Norwegian parliament continued to operate in exile in Britain, many of these exiles voluntarily came to serve in the Allied military forces, often forming their own distinct Norwegian units in accordance with the Allied Forces Act. A number of the "Police troops" were employed in the liberation of Finnmark in the winter of 1944/45 after the area had been evacuated by the Germans. In the north, German troops engaged in a bitter fight at the Battle of Narvik. On 1 however, the deteriorating weather conditions in Crimea forced the beginning of this operation to be postponed until April. The tug foundered off the coast of Nigeria. Finally, Soviet troopsand especially officerswere now more experienced and better prepared for the offensive. [4]:58 At the same time, a single parachute battalion took the Oslo and Stavanger airfields, and 800 operational aircraft overwhelmed the Norwegian population. Towards the end of the war, in March 1945, Norwegian Reichskommissar Josef Terboven had considered plans to make Norway the last bastion of the Third Reich and a last sanctum for German leaders. The parade includes troops of the Moscow Garrison and the Western Military District, which usually numbers to close to 3,000 soldiers, cadets, and Red Army reenactors. As the general wrote, "Our Panzer IV tanks with their short 75mm guns could only explode a T-34 by hitting the engine from behind." In addition to the Jews, members of the resistance movement and other people who had more acute reason to fear for their lives, a great many refugees were men of military age wishing to join the Norwegian armed forces abroad. On 9 April 1940, Germany occupied Denmark in Operation Weserbung.The Danish government and king functioned as relatively Nevertheless, Stalin ordered several preemptive counteroffensives against German lines. Reinforcements arrived from the Norwegian Rikspoliti based in Sweden as well as convoys from Britain. Visit Norway in November for wintry scenes, fewer crowds, and the chance to see the northern lights. While production capacity largely remained intact, the German authorities confiscated a very large part of the output. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. ", This page was last edited on 19 November 2022, at 08:43. [114][115], Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}5545N 3738E / 55.750N 37.633E / 55.750; 37.633, This article is about the 1941 battle. "Area command Finnmark" consisting of 12 men. Throughout this period, a pro-German government named Den nasjonale regjering (English: the National Government) ruled Norway, while the Norwegian king Haakon VII and the prewar government escaped to London, where they formed a government in exile. Fritz Moen, the only known victim of dual miscarriage of justice in Europe, was the child of a Norwegian woman and a German soldier, as was ABBA member Anni-Frid Lyngstad. [30], The German attack went according to plan, with 4th Panzer Group pushing through the middle nearly unopposed and then dividing its mobile forces north to complete the encirclement of Vyazma with 3rd Panzer Group, and other units south to close the ring around Bryansk in conjunction with 2nd Panzer Group. Some 43,000 people complied with the order to evacuate the region immediately; those who refused were forced to leave their homes. Her crew were rescued. Hermann Gring's nephew, Hans-Joachim Gring, was a pilot with III./Zerstrergeschwader 76, flying the Messerschmitt Bf 110.He was killed in action on 11 July 1940, when his Bf 110 was shot down by Hurricanes of No. [17], Nazi occupation of Norway during World War II, Lapland War, Soviet advance, and retreat of the German army, Exiled Norwegian troops liberate Finnmark, German capitulation and end of occupation. Fortunately, I stopped my troops on 5December, otherwise the catastrophe would be unavoidable. [2], It was agreed that mines would be laid in Norwegian waters (Operation Wilfred) and that the mining should be followed by the landing of troops at four Norwegian ports: Narvik, Trondheim, Bergen and Stavanger. German aerial strength, however, had been severely reduced over the summer's campaign; the Luftwaffe had lost 1,603 aircraft and 1,028 had been damaged. Ultimately, these failures would lead to a successful German offensive in the south and to the Battle of Stalingrad. Kashira was of paramount importance, considering that it was the headquarters of the Soviet Western Front, one of the three main groups of resistance against the Nazi storm. Initial German attacks split the front in two, separating the 16th Army from the 30th. Despite the Soviets' best efforts, the Luftwaffe had contributed enormously to the survival of Army Group Centre. The Nazi authorities made attempts to enact legislation that supported its actions and policies; it therefore banned all political parties except NS, appointed local leaders top down and forced labour unions and other organizations to accept NS leaders. The adversity created as a result of the occupation strengthened and further defined the Norwegian national identity. In addition to the few who survived concentration camps, some also survived by fleeing the country, mostly to Sweden, but some also to the United Kingdom. Operation Barbarossa (German: Unternehmen Barbarossa; Russian: , romanized: Operatsiya Barbarossa) was the invasion of the Soviet Union by Nazi Germany and many of its Axis allies, starting on Sunday, 22 June 1941, during the Second World War.The operation, code-named after Frederick Barbarossa ("red beard"), a 12th-century Holy Roman To achieve this objective, the German Third and Fourth Panzer Groups needed to concentrate their forces between the Volga Reservoir and Mozhaysk, then proceed past the Soviet 30th Army to Klin and Solnechnogorsk, encircling the capital from the north. The crew of 15 was saved. Fishing and hunting became more widespread. At first, the German forces attempted to bypass Soviet defenses by pushing northeast towards the weakly protected city of Kalinin and south towards Kaluga and Tula, capturing all except Tula by 14 October. The invaders realised Quisling's party could not muster any significant support, and quickly pushed him aside. [6] Also in 1944, the Allgemeine-SS established the 127th SS-Standarte, which was the last command of the General-SS ever created. The remnants of the Soviet Western and Reserve Fronts retreated and manned new defensive lines around Mozhaisk. Even before the war ended, there was debate among Norwegians about the fate of traitors and collaborators. By 2 May, both Namsos and ndalsnes were evacuated by the British. Up to two million German troops were committed to the operation, along with 1,0002,470 tanks and assault guns and 14,000 guns. Immediately after the Moscow counter-offensive, a series of Soviet attacks (the Battles of Rzhev) were attempted against the salient, each time with heavy losses on both sides. Corpses were thawed out to remove the items; once when 200 bodies were left on the battlefield the "saw commandos" recovered sufficient clothing to outfit every man in a battalion. However, the Germans, quickly reinforced by Panzer and motorised machine gun battalions,[4]:80 proved unstoppable due to their superior numbers, training, and equipment. [34][35], Soviet forces were able to counterattack in some cases. All 30 crew were rescued before she sank. Geoffrey Jukes, The Second World War The Eastern Front 19411945, Osprey, 2002. The Avenger-class mine countermeasures ship ran aground on the Tubbataha Reef, in the Sulu Sea. Now in our 39 th year, Vacations To Go is the largest cruise-selling company in the world. The cargo ship was driven ashore at Ulsan. Stalin continued to order more offensives in order to trap and destroy Army Group Centre in front of Moscow, but the Red Army was exhausted and overstretched and they failed. This plan was accepted over Zhukov's objections. [62] Just northwest of Moscow, the Wehrmacht reached Krasnaya Polyana, little more than 29km (18mi) from the Kremlin in central Moscow;[63] German officers were able to make out some of the major buildings of the Soviet capital through their field glasses. The west coast has a cool and wet climate, and is often affected by weather fronts coming from the Atlantic Ocean, so much so that clouds, rain, and wind dominate throughout the year. Throughout the war, Allied planners remained wary of the strategic significance of Norway. "The threat overhanging Tula was removed. Kirkenes is where your Norwegian coastal cruise changes direction and the ship heads south. On 26 November 1941, the German 2nd Panzer Army under General Heinz Guderian began advancing towards Kashira, which was a strategic stronghold that lay 120 kilometres southwest of Moscow and 80 kilometres northeast of Tula. The debate on the past treatment of these krigsbarn (war children) started with a television series in 1981, but only recently have the offspring of these unions begun to identify themselves. [71] On 30 November, von Bock claimed in a report to Berlin that the temperature was 45C (49F). "[78], Some historians have suggested that artificial floods played an important role in defending Moscow. Extraordinary industrial achievements had begun to replace these, and at the outset of Typhoon the VVS could muster 936 aircraft, 578 of which were bombers. [98][99], In the centre, Soviet progress was much slower. For most of the war, the country was a protectorate and then an occupied territory of Germany.The decision to occupy Denmark was taken in Berlin on 17 December 1939. Additionally, Hitler surrounded himself with staff officers with little or no recent combat experience. During the five-year occupation, several thousand Norwegian women had children fathered by German soldiers in the Lebensborn program. Guderian nevertheless was able to pursue the offensive, spreading his forces in a star-like attack, taking Stalinogorsk on 22 November 1941 and surrounding a Soviet rifle division stationed there. Both German and Soviet casualties during the battle of Moscow have been a subject of debate, as various sources provide somewhat different estimates. After meeting determined resistance from the Soviet 1st Guards Motorized Rifle Division and flank counterattacks staged by the 33rd Army, the German offensive stalled and was driven back four days later in the ensuing Soviet counteroffensive. The 153-metre (502ft) former hotel ship sank off, An aircraft spotted the submerged hull of a ship north of, The tugboat capsized and sank while assisting the cruise ship, The cargo ship suffered structural failure of her hull and foundered in the, The supply vessel collided with an oil rig in the, The 316-metre (1,037ft) container ship carrying 4,500 containers from, The vessel sank 1.4 nautical miles (2.6km; 1.6mi) off, The cargo ship was driven ashore on Saeng Island, South Korea and broke in two. By war's end, 92,000 Norwegians were located abroad, including 46,000 in Sweden. Discover a Fishing Village . At least 775 of these were arrested, detained, and/or deported. [citation needed], In order to develop and train an Air Force, a training camp known as "Little Norway" was set up near Toronto, Ontario, Canada, on 10 November 1940. In Finnmark, these were considerably important, as large areas were destroyed as a result of the scorched earth policy that the Germans had pursued during their retreat. The forces committed to Operation Typhoon included three infantry armies (the 2nd, 4th, and 9th[24]) supported by three Panzer (tank) Groups (the 2nd, 3rd and 4th) and by the Luftwaffe's Luftflotte 2. Civil rule was effectively assumed by the Reichskommissariat Norwegen (Reich Commissariat of Norway), which acted in collaboration with the pro-German puppet government. [33] Although losses were high, some of the encircled units escaped in small groups, ranging in size from platoons to full rifle divisions. "Viaz'ma and Briansk", pp. Saint Petersburg (Russian: -, tr. Having maintained its neutrality during the First World War (19141918), Norwegian foreign and military policy since 1933 was largely influenced by three factors: These three factors met resistance as tensions grew in Europe in the 1930s, initially from Norwegian military staff and right-wing political groups, but increasingly also from individuals within the mainstream political establishment and, it has since come to light, by the monarch, King Haakon VII, behind the scenes. The first stroke of the Western-Front's counter-offensive on the outskirts of Moscow fell upon Guderian's 2nd Panzer Army. [4]:55 Consistent with Blitzkrieg warfare, German forces attacked Norway by sea and air as Operation Weserbung was put into action. 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general cargo ship ran aground off, The supply vessel struck a rock and foundered off. [73] Other temperature reports varied widely. However Churchill was obsessed with an invasion of Norway, and kept badgering Alanbrooke; see Operation Jupiter (Norway). The first attack, however, was repelled by the 50th Army and civilian volunteers on 29 October, after a fight within sight of the city. Yerger, Mark C.:Allgemeine-SS: The Commands, Units and Leaders of the General SS, Schiffer Publishing Ltd., 1997, pp. [5] An improvised defence at Midtskogen also prevented a German raid from capturing the king and government. [citation needed], By late October, the German forces were worn out, with only a third of their motor vehicles still functioning, infantry divisions at third- to half-strength, and serious logistics issues preventing the delivery of warm clothing and other winter equipment to the front. The worst day of the battle for the Bf 110 was 15 August 1940, when nearly 30 Bf 110s were shot down, [23], With the end of summer, Hitler redirected his attention to Moscow and assigned Army Group Centre to this task. [83] The Red Army had accumulated a 58-division reserve by early December,[49] when the offensive proposed by Zhukov and Vasilevsky was finally approved by Stalin. It has been pointed out that sentences became more lenient with the passage of time, and that many of the charges were based on the unconstitutional[14] and illegal retroactive application of laws. In the south, the Second Panzer Army intended to bypass Tula, still held by the Red Army, and advance to Kashira and Kolomna, linking up with the northern pincer at Noginsk. The Soviet defenses, still under construction, were overrun, and spearheads of the 3rd and 4th Panzer Groups met at Vyazma on 10 October 1941. As a result, initial German progress was only 510km (3.16.2mi) per day. 742 were sent to concentration camps, 23 died as a result of extrajudicial execution, murder, and suicide during the war; bringing the total of Jewish Norwegian dead to at least 765, comprising 230 complete households. [54], On 13 October 1941 (15 October, according to other sources), the Wehrmacht resumed its offensive. At this time there were no fewer than 400,000 German soldiers in Norway, which had a population of barely three million. Fedor von Bock was also dismissed, officially for "medical reasons". [53] Despite these preparations, the capital was within striking distance of German tanks, with the Luftwaffe mounting large-scale air raids on the city. Nevertheless, when it became obvious that the Norwegian parliament would not surrender, the Germans quickly came to recognise Quisling. YOU SHOULD KNOW A portion of the encounter program fee supports marine education, conservation, and scientific studies. Remember that if you fly from North America to Australia or New Zealand, you will cross the International Date Line and lose a day. Kindle. This resulted in an overconfident Stalin further expanding the offensive. Nevertheless, with careful troop deployment, a ratio of two-to-one was reached at some critical points. Following the liberation, the Norwegian government-in-exile was replaced by a coalition led by Einar Gerhardsen which governed until the autumn of 1945 when the first postwar general election was held, returning Gerhardsen as prime minister, at the head of a Labour Party government. These formations, numbering 12,000 men organised into battalions and with their own pioneers, signals and artillery by VE-day, were equipped with Swedish weapons and equipment and trained by Norwegian and Swedish officers.[12][13]. The polar lights season can vary depending on the location, as the absence of natural light is important, as well as the weather and the air pollution. With only around 30,000 troops on hand, General Montgomery opted to exclude the surrender of Norway from the May 5 surrenders that included Denmark, Holland and northeast Germany and tasked Sir Andrew Thorne, GOC-in-C Scottish Command, to negotiate the surrender of some 350,000 German troops in Norway.[9]. German offensive, Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany, Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland, Faceted Application of Subject Terminology, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Moscow&oldid=1122727784, Battles and operations of the SovietGerman War, Battles of World War II involving Germany, Strategic operations of the Red Army in World War II, World War II aerial operations and battles of the Eastern Front, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2020, Interlanguage link template forcing interwiki links, Articles containing Russian-language text, Pages using Sister project links with wikidata namespace mismatch, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Heinz Guderian, (Memoirs of a soldier), Smolensk, Rusich, 1999 (Russian translation of, Hill, Alexander (2009). The Arctic Circle defining the "midnight sun" encompasses the Atlantic Ocean from the northern edge of Iceland to the Bering Strait in the Pacific Ocean. Operation Silver Fox (German: Silberfuchs; Finnish: Hopeakettu) from 29 June to 17 November 1941, was a joint GermanFinnish military operation during the Continuation War on the Eastern Front of World War II against the Soviet Union.The objective of the offensive was to cut off and capture the key Soviet Port of Murmansk through attacks from Finnish and Norwegian territory. Travel to Norway in November. The Arctic convoys of World War II were oceangoing convoys which sailed from the United Kingdom, Iceland, and North America to northern ports in the Soviet Union primarily Arkhangelsk (Archangel) and Murmansk in Russia. German armored groups were greatly slowed, allowing Soviet forces to fall back and regroup. It soon became obvious that reconnaissance patrols needed to be sent out to observe German activities and discover whether or not the population of Finnmark had been evacuated. [citation needed] About 50,000 Norwegians fled to Sweden during the war. Notable military operations in Norway include: With the beginning of the German withdrawal from Lapland, the initial German plan was to retain the essential nickel mines around Petsamo in the far North held by the 19th Mountain Corps under General Ferdinand Jodl, but events led to the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht ordering the entire 20th Mountain Army out of Finland to take up new defensive positions around Lyngen and Skibotn just to the north of Tromsa new operation which came to be called "Operation Nordlicht" (Operation Northern Light). [citation needed], German forces in Denmark surrendered on 5 May, and on the same day, General Eisenhower dispatched a telegram to resistance headquarters in Norway, which was passed on to General Bhme; it contained information on how to make contact with Allied General Headquarters. The Germans, however, landed fresh troops in the rear of the British at Namsos and advanced up the Gudbrandsdal from Oslo against the force at ndalsnes. Despite all this, Stalin publicly remained in the Soviet capital, somewhat calming the fear and pandemonium. The German Strategic Offensive, named Operation Typhoon, called for two pincer offensives, one to the north of Moscow against the Kalinin Front by the 3rd and 4th Panzer Armies, simultaneously severing the MoscowLeningrad railway, and another to the south of Moscow Oblast against the Western Front south of Tula, by the 2nd Panzer Army, while the 4th Army advanced directly towards Moscow from the west. "[45]:4446,4851[85], On 8December, Hitler had signed his directive No.39, ordering the Wehrmacht to assume a defensive stance on the whole front. Following the surrender, detachments of regular Norwegian and Allied troops were sent to Norway, which included 13,000 Norwegians trained in Sweden and 30,000 Britons and Americans. "[45]:33,4243, On 15 November 1941, German tank armies began their offensive towards Klin, where no Soviet reserves were available because of Stalin's wish to attempt a counteroffensive at Volokolamsk, which had forced the relocation of all available reserve forces further south. Glantz, ch.6, subchapter "December counteroffensive", pp. On 28 November 1941, the water was drained into the Yakhroma and Sestra Rivers from six reservoirs (Khimki[ru], Iksha[ru], Pyalovskoye[ru], Pestovskoye[ru], Pirogovskoye[ru], and Klyazma[ru] reservoirs), as well as from Ivankovo Reservoir using dams near Dubna. Terboven attempted to negotiate an arrangement with the remaining members of the Norwegian parliament that would give a Nazi cabinet the semblance of legitimacy, but these talks failed. 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