102. If a man rent an unreclaimed field for three years to develop it, and neglect it and do not develop the field, in the fourth year he shall break up the field with hoes, he shall hoe and harrow it and he shall return it to the owner of the field and shall measure out ten GUR of grain per ten GAN. Much can be learned both about Mesopotamian life and ideals through these laws. If she have not been a careful mistress, have gadded about, have neglected her house and have belittled her husband, they shall throw that woman into the water. ; 1983 Six robbers broke into a Brink's-Mat warehouse at Heathrow Hammurabis Code did not allow for personal acts of vengeance; that alone was a significant contribution to law and order in civil society. If a man hire a herdsman to pasture oxen or sheep, he shall pay him 8 GUR of grain per year. 41. If it destroy property, he shall restore whatever it destroyed, and because he did not make the house which he built firm and it collapsed, he shall rebuild the house which collapsed from his own property (i.e., at his own expense). It is one of the worlds oldest and most com- but has no intercourse with her or does not draw up a marriage contract, this woman is no wife to him. was created by Hammurabi, the sixth King of Babylon. 114. iFlix also supports English subtitles, Thai subtitles, Indonesian subtitles, Malay subtitles, Korean subtitles, and other If a bull, when passing through the street, gore a man and bring about his death, this case has no penalty. One may not bring claim for the son of a NER.SE.GA. If a man take a wife and that wife give a maid servant to her husband and she bear children; if that man set his face to take a concubine, they shall not countenance him. 193. If a boatman build a boat for a man and he do not make its construction seaworthy and that boat meet with a disaster in the same year in which it was put into commission, the boatman shall reconstruct the boat and he shall strengthen it at his own expense and he shall give the boat when strengthened to the owner of the boat. If a man lie in the bosom of his mother after (the death of) his father, they shall burn both of them. If (there be) a priestess or a devotee to whom her father has given a dowry or written a deed of gift; if in the deed which he has written for her, he have written "after her (death) she may give to whomsoever she may please," and he have granted her full discretion; after her father dies she may give it to whomsoever she may please after her (death). 25. The Code of Hammurabi is a Babylonian legal text composed c. 17551750 BC. 127. The 1821 Derby at Epsom, or Horse Race (Course de chevaux, traditionally called Le Derby de 1821 Epsom) is an 1821 painting by Thodore Gricault in the Louvre Museum, showing The Derby of that year.. The painting is now in the Louvre in Paris.A second version of the work, May he make him to err in his path, may he destroy the mass (foundation) of his troops! Like all the kings of his dynasty except his father and grandfather, If a man, who has lost anything, find that which was lost in the possession of (another) man; and the man in whose possession the lost property is found say: "It was sold to me. The Hammurabi Code is not a complete set of laws, but more a series of enactments addressing specific cases and subjects such as slavery, debt, commercial regulations, marriage and inheritance. If a man strike the person of a man (.i.e., commit an assault) who is his superior, he shall receive sixty strokes with an ox-tail whip in public. If a man give to his wife field, garden, house or goods and he deliver to her a sealed deed, after (the death of) her husband, her children cannot make claim against her. If outlaws collect in the house of a wine-seller, and she do not arrest those outlaws and bring them to the palace, that wine-seller shall be put to death. If a woman hate her husband, and say: "thou shalt not have me," they shall inquire into her antecedents for her defects; and if she have been a careful mistress and been without reproach and her husband has been going about and greatly belittling her, that woman has no blame. If a physician operate on a man for a severe wound (or make a severe wound upon a man) with a bronze lancet and save the man's life; or if he open an abscess (in the eye) of a man with a bronze lancet and save that man's eye, he shall receive ten shekels of silver (as his fee). 1842 The University of Notre Dame (main building pictured) was founded by Edward Sorin of the Congregation of Holy Cross as an all-male institution in the U.S. state of Indiana. 264. If a man hire a wagon only, he shall pay 40 KA of grain per day. Another set of approximately 100 laws concerns family and issues ranging from marriage and children to inheritance, adultery and incest. 132. May she put into the mouth of Bel, the king, the ruin of his land, the destruction of his people and the pouring out of his life like water! A practitioner is a witch.In medieval and early modern Europe, where the term originated, accused witches were usually women who were believed to have attacked their own community, and often to have communed with evil beings.It was thought witchcraft could be thwarted by protective If a man hire a boatman, he shall give him 6 GUR of grain per year. If a shepherd be careless and he bring about an accident in the fold, the shepherd shall make good in cattle and sheep the loss through the accident which he brought about in the fold, and give them to the owner. If a man (in a case) bear witness for grain or money (as a bribe), he shall himself bear the penalty imposed in that case. Hammurabis Code did not allow for personal acts of vengeance; that alone was a significant contribution to law and order in civil society. May Ea, the great prince, whose decrees take precedence, the leader of the gods, who knows everything, who prolongs the days of my life, deprive him of knowledge and wisdom! If he leave (them) uncared for but one year and return, they shall give him his field, his garden, and his house, and he himself shall continue his business. With his powerful weapon, may he cut him off and may he break his members like an earthen image! Throughout history, Kings have been lawgivers. When Mardul sent me to rule the people and to bring help to the country, I established law and justice in the land and promoted the welfare of the people. 282. If a man be captured and there no be maintenance in his house and his wife enter into another house, that woman has no blame. 175. 164. In all sources, the terms are translatable as "the ten words", "the ten sayings", or "the ten matters". 206. 224. 189. 227. If a man hire a field-laborer, he shall pay him 8 GUR of grain per year. These deaths made Saddam's mother, Subha Tulfah al-Mussallat, so depressed that she attempted to abort her pregnancy and commit suicide.Subha "would have nothing to do with him," and Saddam would eventually be 112. Time separated while still married In some U.S. states, separation is a triggering event, recognized as the end of the term of the marriage. 171. 140. May he bring his land to destruction through want and hunger! The great gods proclaimed me and I am the guardian governor, whose scepter is righteous and whose beneficent protection is spread over my city. 183. Let any oppressed man, who has a cause, come before my image as king of righteousness! May she strike down his warriors, may their blood water the earth! If a father present a dowry to his daughter, who is a concubine, and give her to a husband and write a deed of gift; after the father dies she shall not share in the goods of her father's house. If her husband have not given her a gift, they shall make good her dowry and she shall receive the goods of her husband's house a portion corresponding to that of a son. If a man accuse his wife and she has not been taken in lying with another man, she shall take an oath in the name of god and she shall return to her house. I provided them with a peaceful country. A priestess of Marduk, after her (death), may give to whomsoever she may please. Much can be learned both about Mesopotamian life and ideals through these laws. 176A. If the brigand be not captured, the man who has been robbed, shall, in the presence of god, make an itemized statement of his loss, and the city and the governor, in whose province and jurisdiction the robbery was committed, shall compensate him for whatever was lost. Working for a while at the imperial stables at Versailles, he had the opportunity to study them in If a man's wife bear him children and his maid servant bear him children, and the father during his lifetime say to the children which the maid servant bore him: "My children," and reckon them with the children of his wife, after the father dies the children of the wife and the children of the maid servant shall divide the goods of the father's house equally. 103. If a governor or a magistrate take possession of the men of levy (or, pardon a deserter) or accept and send a hired substitute on an errand of the king, that governor or magistrate shall be put to death. 46. 226. With 123HelpMes essays, papers, and topic ideas, get all your writing needs sorted in one go and submit your assignments on time. If the witnesses of that man be not at hand, the judges shall declare a postponement for six months; and if he do not bring in his witnesses within the six months, that man has attempted fraud, he shall bear the penalty imposed in that case. If that man have wisdom, if he wish to give his land good government, let him give attention to the words which I have written upon my monument! 265. After her (death), it belongs to her brothers. 139. 38. 50. 47. It is a form of risk management, primarily used to hedge against the risk of a contingent or uncertain loss.. An entity which provides insurance is known as an insurer, insurance company, May he set his heart at ease! If he be a freeman, he shall receive five shekels. 4. If he give (as security) a field planted with [grain] or a field planted with sesame, the owner of the field shall receive the grain or the sesame which is in the field and he shall return the loan and its interest to the merchant. Throughout history, Kings have been lawgivers. He had aristocratic privileges and responsibilities, and the right to exact retaliation for corporal injuries, but was liable to a heavier The first, and perhaps most famous of these king/lawgivers was the ancient Babylonian king, Hammurabi. 129. If a shepherd, to whom oxen or sheep have been given to pasture, have been dishonest or have altered their price, or sold them, they shall call him to account, and he shall restore to their owner oxen or sheep tenfold what he has stolen. Fascinated by horses, Gricault made many paintings portraying them. 160. Charles F. Horne: The Code of Hammurabi: Introduction [Hammurabi] was the ruler who chiefly established the greatness of Babylon, the world's first metropolis. 211. If a man have not lost anything, but say that he has lost something, or if he file a claim for loss when nothing has been lost, he shall declare his (alleged) loss in the presence of god, and he shall double and pay for the (alleged) loss the amount for which he had made claim. 256. Another set of approximately 100 laws concerns family and issues ranging from marriage and children to inheritance, adultery and incest. If (he) die as a result of the stroke, he shall swear (as above), and if he be a man, he shall pay one-half mana of silver. 276. These laws touched on all areas of life for ancient Mesopotamians, including trade, religion, and military service. 53. May she not let him hold a name among his people, nor beget an heir! 205. If, through a stroke, he bring about a miscarriage to the daughter of a freeman, he shall pay five shekels of silver. If an officer or a constable, who is in a fortress of the king, be captured (and) his son be able to conduct the business, they shall give to him the field and garden and he shall conduct the business of his father. 32. If a man rent his field to a tenant for crop-rent and receive the crop-rent of his field and later Adad (i.e., the Storm God) inundate the field and carry away the produce, the loss (falls on) the tenant. May Bel, the lord, who determines destinies, whose command cannot be altered, who has enlarged my dominion, drive him out from his dwelling through a revolt which his hand cannot control and a curse destructive to him. 158. It is the longest, best-organised, and best-preserved legal text from the ancient Near East.It is written in the Old Babylonian dialect of Akkadian, purportedly by Hammurabi, sixth king of the First Dynasty of Babylon.The primary copy of the text is inscribed on a basalt stele2.25 m (7 ft 4 + 1 2 in) tall. 220. If it be a man's slave, the owner of the slave shall give two shekels of silver to the physician. If that woman die, he shall pay one-half mana of silver. 145. Currently, India's Penal Code "makes it amply clear that marriage does not act as an absolving factor in case of rape". The king is a If a man take a wife and she bear him children and that woman die, and after her (death) he take another wife and she bear him children and later the father die, the children of the mothers shall not divide (the estate).They shall receive the dowries of the respective mothers and divide equally the goods of the house of the father. 247. On her departure nothing shall be given to her for her divorce. 156. 173. or the son of a devotee say to his father who has reared him or his mother who has reared him: "My father thou art not," "My mother thou art not," they shall cut out his tongue. If a merchant give money to an agent as a favor, and the latter meet with a reverse where he goes, he shall return the principal of the money to the merchant. 187. 108. ; 1983 Six robbers broke into a Brink's-Mat warehouse at Heathrow 130. The Code of Hammurabi, established in the Babylonian region of Mesopo-tamia, dates back to 1754 BCE. Hammurabis Code extends to all aspects of law and includes areas concerning wages; criminal law; and the rights of citizens, even slaves and women. Following the unification of the city-states in Assyria and Sumer by Sargon of Akkad into a single empire ruled from his home city circa 2334 BC, common Mesopotamian standards for length, area, volume, weight, and time used by artisan guilds in each city was promulgated by Naram-Sin of Akkad (c. 22542218 BC), Sargon's grandson, including for shekels. Note: The Code of Hammurabi was a compilation of almost three hundred laws on every aspect of life. If a man purchase the field or garden or house of an officer, constable or tax-gatherer, his deed-tablet shall be broken (canceled) and he shall forfeit his money and he shall return the field, garden or house to its owner. 34. 49. When the lofty Anu, king of the Anunnaki, and Bel, lord of heaven and earth, he who determines the destiny of the land, committed the rule of all mankind to Marduk, the chief son of Ea; when they made him great among the Igigi; when they pronounced the lofty name of Babylon; when they made it famous among the quarters of the world and in its midst established an everlasting kingdom whose foundations were firm as heaven and earthat that time, Anu and Bel called me, Hammurabi, the exalted prince, the worshiper of the gods, to cause justice to prevail in the land, to destroy the wicked and the evil, to prevent the strong from oppressing the weak, to go forth like the Sun over the Black Head Race, to enlighten the land and to further the welfare of the people. If he hire a sail-boat (? Get 247 customer support help when you place a homework help service order with us. 129. If a man, after the death (of his father), be taken in the bosom of the chief wife (of his father) who has borne children, that man shall be cut off from his father's house. VIP members can unlock more wonderful exclusive contents! If a man's bull have been wont to gore and they have made known to him his habit of goring, and he have not protected his horns or have not tied him up, and that bull gore the son of a man and bring about his death, he shall pay one-half mana of silver. However, it will last longer if the marriage or civil union lasted longer. If a man bring an accusation against a man, and charge him with a (capital) crime, but cannot prove it, he, the accuser, shall be put to death. 6. The owner of the slave shall receive one-half and the daughter of the man shall receive one-half for her children. 162. The Ten Commandments, called \ (transliterated asret ha-dvarm) in Biblical Hebrew, are mentioned at Exodus 34:28, Deuteronomy 4:13 and Deuteronomy 10:4. 153. The Code of Hammurabi is a Babylonian legal text composed c. 17551750 BC. We will guide you on how to place your essay help, proofreading and editing your draft fixing the grammar, spelling, or formatting of your paper easily and cheaply. iFlix also supports English subtitles, Thai subtitles, Indonesian subtitles, Malay subtitles, Korean subtitles, and other Code of Hammurabi, the most complete and perfect extant collection of Babylonian laws, developed during the reign of Hammurabi (17921750 bce) of the 1st dynasty of Babylon. If he have not the money to return, he shall give to the merchant [grain or] sesame, at their market value according to the scale fixed by the king, for the loan and its interest which he has obtained from the merchant. By the command of Shamash, the great judge of heaven and earth, may I make righteousness to shine forth on the land. We have now placed Twitpic in an archived state. iFlix is both the producer and the provider of global high-quality video services. If a man owe a debt and Adad inundate his field and carry away the produce, or, through lack of water, grain have not grown in the field, in that year he shall not make any return of grain to his creditor, he shall alter his contract-tablet and he shall not pay the interest for that year. If a man give anything of his on deposit, and at the place of deposit either by burglary or pillage he suffer loss in common with the owner of the house, the owner of the house who has been negligent and has lost what was given to him on deposit shall make good (the loss) and restore (it) to the owner of the goods; the owner of the house shall institute a search for what has been lost and take it from the thief. If a man hire oxen, a wagon and a driver, he shall pay 180 KA of grain per day. 221. If that female slave die, he shall pay one-third mana of silver. The captain is responsible for the safe and efficient operation of the ship, including its seaworthiness, safety and security, cargo operations, navigation, crew management, and legal compliance, and for the persons and May he not permit corn, which is the life of the people, to grow in his land! If an officer or a constable, who is in a garrison of the king, be captured, and afterward they give his field and garden to another and he conduct his businessif the former return and arrive in his city, they shall restore to him his field and garden and he himself shall conduct his business. When she enters another house, the judges shall inquire into the state of her former husband and they shall intrust the estate of the former husband to the later husband and that woman, and they shall deliver to them a tablet (to sign). tariffs, trade, and commerce), family law (marriage and divorce), as well as criminal law (assault, theft) and civil law (slavery, debt). Her brothers may not lay claim against her. 3. The captain is responsible for the safe and efficient operation of the ship, including its seaworthiness, safety and security, cargo operations, navigation, crew management, and legal compliance, and for the persons and 30. Her dowry belongs to her children. Get 247 customer support help when you place a homework help service order with us. If a physician operate on a man for a severe wound with a bronze lancet and cause that man's death; or open an abscess (in the eye) of a man with a bronze lancet and destroy the man's eye, they shall cut off his fingers. 248. The Code, which was written down sometime around 1780 B.C. 258. Insurance is a means of protection from financial loss in which, in exchange for a fee, a party agrees to guarantee another party compensation in the event of a certain loss, damage, or injury. Hammurabi, the governor named by Bel, am I, who brought about plenty and abundance; who made everything for Nippur and Durilu complete; the exalted supporter of E-kur; the wise king, who restored Eridu to its place; who purified the sanctuary of E-apsu; who stormed the four quarters of the world; who made the fame of Babylon great; who rejoiced the heart of Marduk, his lord; who daily served in Esagila; of the seed royal, which Sin begat; who filled the city of Ur with plenty; the pious and suppliant one, who brought abundance to E-gis-sir-gal; the diplomatic king, obedient to the mighty Shamash; who refounded Sippar; who clothed with green the shrines of Malkat; who decorated E-babbara, which is like a heavenly dwelling; the warrior, the protector of Larsa; who rebuilt E-babbara for Shamash, his helper; the lord, who gave life to the city of Uruk; who supplied water in abundance to its inhabitants; who raised the turrets of Eanna; who brought riches to Anu and Nana; the divine protector of the land; who collected the scattered people of Nisin; who supplied E-gal-mah with luxurious abundance; the monarch, the city king, the brother of Za-ma-ma; who laid the foundations of the settlement of Kish; who surrounded E-te-me-ur-sag with splendor; who constructed the great shrines of Nana; the patron of the temple of Har-sag-kalama, the grave of the enemy; whose help brings victory; who extended the limits of Cutha; who enlarged Shid-lam in every way; the mighty bull, who gores the enemy; the beloved of Tu-tu; who made the city of Borsippa beautiful; the exalted one who was untiring for the welfare of Ezida; the divine city king, wise and intelligent, who extended the settlements of Dilbat; who stored up grain for the mighty Urash; the lord adorned with scepter and crown, whom the wise god Ma-ma has clothed with complete power; who defined the confines of Kish; who made sumptuous the splendid banquets in honor of Nin-tu; the wise and perfect one, who determined the pasture and watering places for Shir-pur-la (Lagash) and Girsu; who provided large sacrifices for the Temple of Fifty; who seized the enemy; the favorite of the exalted god (oracle); who put into execution the laws of Aleppo; who makes joyful the heart of Anunit; the illustrious prince, the lifting up of whose hands Adad recognizes; who pacifies the heart of Adad, the warrior, in Karkar; who re-established the appointments of E-ud-gal-gal; the king who gave life to Ud-nun-ki; the benefactor of the temple E-mah; the presented life to the city of Mashkan-shabri; who poured out abundance over Shid-lam; the wise governor, who captured the bandit caves (? It is one of the worlds oldest and most com- but has no intercourse with her or does not draw up a marriage contract, this woman is no wife to him. If the husband of the woman would save his wife, or if the king would save his male servant (he may). 143. 31. 167. It should be kept in mind that we cannot be sure how well enforced these laws were, but it is safe to say that a powerful king in ancient Mesopotamia thought 7. If a man charge a man with sorcery, and cannot prove it, he who is charged with sorcery shall go to the river, into the river he shall throw himself and if the river overcome him, his accuser shall take to himself his house (estate). If a man strike a man's daughter and bring about a miscarriage, he shall pay ten shekels of silver for her miscarriage. The Code of Hammurabi is an important artifact because it sheds light on laws in Babylonia. to a god and do not give her a dowry, after her father dies she shall receive as her share in the goods of her father's house one-third of the portion of a son and she shall enjoy it as long as she lives. If a man steal a watering-machine in a field, he shall pay 5 shekels of silver to the owner of the watering-machine. I purchased it in the presence of witnesses:" and the owner of the lost property say: "I will bring witnesses to identify my lost property": if the purchaser produce the seller who has sold it to him and the witnesses in whose presence he purchased it, and the owner of the lost property produce witnesses to identify his lost property, the judges shall consider their evidence. If either a slave of the palace or a slave of the freeman take the daughter of a man (gentleman) and she bear children, the owner of the slave may not lay claim to the children of the daughter of the man for service. If an artisan take a son for adoption and teach him his handicraft, one may not bring claim for him. 52. 11. [If] that woman do not protect her body and enter into another house, they shall call that woman into account and they shall throw her into the water. 129. 204. He had aristocratic privileges and responsibilities, and the right to exact retaliation for corporal injuries, but was liable to a heavier Original work, c. 1772 BCE; translation published in 1904. It should be kept in mind that we cannot be sure how well enforced these laws were, but it is safe to say that a powerful king in ancient Mesopotamia thought If (there be) a priestess or a devotee to whom her father has given a dowry or written a deed of gift; if in the deed which he has written for her, he have not written: "after her (death) she may give to whomsoever she may please," and if he have not granted her full discretion; after her father dies her brothers shall take her field and garden and they shall give her grain, oil and wool according to the value of her share and they shall make her content. When Marduk sent me to rule over men, to give the protection of right to the land, I did right and in righteousness brought about the well-being of the oppressed. May Nin-kar-ra-ak, the daughter of Anu, who commands favors for me in E-kur, cause to come upon his members until it overcomes his life, a grievous malady, an evil disease, a dangerous sore, which cannot be cured, which the physician cannot diagnose, which he cannot allay with bandages, and which, like the bite of death, cannot be removed! They may not sell the household goods. The almost 300 laws that make up Hammurabis Code show us what daily life was like more than 3,500 years ago. law; - alike self-help, blood-feud, marriage by capture, are absent; though family solidarity, district responsibility, ordeal, the lex talionis, are primitive features that remain. If a woman bring about the death of her husband for the sake of another man, they shall impale her. If a shepherd have not come to agreement with the owner of a field to pasture his sheep on the grass; and if he pasture his sheep on the field without the consent of the owner, the owner of the field shall harvest his field, and the shepherd who has pastured his sheep on the field without the consent of the owner of the field, shall give over and above twenty GUR of grain per ten GAN to the owner of the field. If a man be captured and there no be maintenance in his house and his wife enter openly into another house and bear children; if later her husband return and arrive in his city, that woman shall return to her husband (and) the children shall go to their father. 279. If a man do not present a dowry to his daughter, who is a concubine, and do not give her to a husband; after her father dies her brothers shall present her a dowry proportionate to the fortune of her father's house and they shall give her to a husband. If he hire an ass to thresh, 10 KA of grain is its hire. 270. If his son be too young and be not able to conduct the business of his father, they shall give one-third of the field and of the garden to his mother, and his mother shall rear him. 56. If a man bring a present to the house of his father-in-law and give a marriage settlement, and his friend slander him; and if his father-in-law say to the claimant for the wife, "My daughter thou shalt not have," he (the father-in-law) shall double the amount which was brought to him and return it, but his friend may not have his wife. Let him read the inscription on my monument! 27. May Nin-tu, the exalted mistress of the lands, the mother who bore me, deny him a son! 281. 24. 124. Dear Twitpic Community - thank you for all the wonderful photos you have taken over the years. 35. A practitioner is a witch.In medieval and early modern Europe, where the term originated, accused witches were usually women who were believed to have attacked their own community, and often to have communed with evil beings.It was thought witchcraft could be thwarted by protective If a visitation of god happen to a fold, or a lion kill, the shepherd shall declare himself innocent before god, and the owner of the fold shall suffer the damage. 39. 216. 231. If a man have betrothed a bride to his son and his son have known her, and if he (the father) afterward lie in her bosom and they take him, they shall bind that man and throw him in the water. 9. May Shamash, the great judge of heaven and earth, who rules all living creatures, the lord (inspiring) confidence, overthrow his dominion; may he not grant him his rights! If a man hire a man to oversee his farm and to furnish him the seed-grain and intrust him with oxen and contract with him to cultivate the field, and that man steal either the seed or the crop and it be found in his possession, they shall cut off his fingers. If they contract a debt after the woman has entered into the house of the man, both of them shall be answerable to the merchant. 135. If a man make a breach in a house, they shall put him to death in front of that breach and they shall thrust him therein. Fascinated by horses, Gricault made many paintings portraying them. 1. Get 247 customer support help when you place a homework help service order with us. If it be a life (that is lost), the city and governor shall pay one mana of silver to his heirs. If a man take a young child as a son and, when he takes him, he is rebellious toward his father and his mother (who have adopted him), that adopted son shall return to the house of his father. If a freeman strike a freeman, he shall pay ten shekels of silver. If (he) be a freeman, he shall pay one-third mana of silver. 149. The United States Declaration of Independence, formally The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen united States of America, is the pronouncement and founding document adopted by the Second Continental Congress meeting at Pennsylvania State House (later renamed Independence Hall) in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on July 4, 1776.Enacted during the American Revolution, the If a boatman build a boat of 60 GUR for a man, he shall give him 2 shekels of silver as his wage. May he multiply the burdens of his sovereignty! It should be kept in mind that we cannot be sure how well enforced these laws were, but it is safe to say that a powerful king in ancient Mesopotamia thought If her brothers do not give her grain, oil and wool according to the value of her share and they do not make her content, she may give her field and garden to any tenant she may please and her tenant shall maintain her. The king is a If a man take a wife and she bear him children and that woman die, her father may not lay claim to her dowry. 272. Hammurabi, also spelled Hammurapi, (born, Babylon [now in Iraq]died c. 1750 bce), sixth and best-known ruler of the 1st (Amorite) dynasty of Babylon (reigning c. 17921750 bce), noted for his surviving set of laws, once considered the oldest promulgation of laws in human history. If a man be in debt and sell his wife, son or daughter, or bind them over to service, for three years they shall work in the house of their purchaser of master; in the fourth year they shall be given their freedom. If either an officer or a constable, who is ordered to go on an errand of the king, do not go but hire a substitute and dispatch him in his stead, that officer or constable shall be put to death; his hired substitute shall take to himself his (the officer's) house. If he be a freeman, he shall give three shekels of silver. May she not grant his warriors (burial (?))! Time separated while still married In some U.S. states, separation is a triggering event, recognized as the end of the term of the marriage. 230. 244. The Code of Hammurabi is an important artifact because it sheds light on laws in Babylonia. 266. 240. She cannot sell it, however, for after her (death) it belongs to her children. If a man, who has taken a young child as a son and reared him, establish his own house and acquire children, and set his face to cut off the adopted son, that son shall not go his way. If a man hire an ox and a god strike it and it die, the man who hired the ox shall take an oath before god and go free. 151. 241. The Code of Hammurabi is an important artifact because it sheds light on laws in Babylonia. 182. 163. Charles F. Horne: The Code of Hammurabi: Introduction [Hammurabi] was the ruler who chiefly established the greatness of Babylon, the world's first metropolis. This work is a translation and has a separate copyright status to the applicable copyright protections of the original content. If a man take a wife and she do not present him with children and that woman die; if his father-in-law return to him the marriage settlement which that man brought to the house of his father-in-law, her husband may not lay claim to the dowry of that woman. A sea captain, ship's captain, captain, master, or shipmaster, is a high-grade licensed mariner who holds ultimate command and responsibility of a merchant vessel. If a man steal ox or sheep, ass or pig, or boatif it be from a god (temple) or a palace, he shall restore thirtyfold; if it be from a freeman, he shall render tenfold. If a man give to another silver, gold or anything else on deposit in the presence of witnesses and the latter dispute with him (or deny it), they shall call that man to account and he shall double whatever he disputed and repay it. Learn why the Code of Hammurabi explains "an eye for an eye." The children of the wife may not lay claim to the children of the maid servant for service. Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti was born on 28 April 1937 in Awja, a small village near Tikrit.Saddam's brother and father died of cancer before his birth. 253. The Hammurabi Code is not a complete set of laws, but more a series of enactments addressing specific cases and subjects such as slavery, debt, commercial regulations, marriage and inheritance. May he turn day into night for him, and place his enemy over him! If the field be unreclaimed, he shall perform the required work on the field and he shall restore it to the owner of the field and he shall measure out ten GUR of grain per ten GAN for each year. HD videos are free to be viewed online. 54. who is a palace guard, or the son of a devotee. Throughout history, Kings have been lawgivers. If a priestess who is not living in a MAL.GE.A., open a wine-shop or enter a wine-shop for a drink, they shall burn that woman. 61. Watteau submitted this work to the Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture as his reception piece in 1717. 234. The amelu was a patrician, a man of family, whose birth, marriage, and death were registered; of ancestral estates and full civil rights. If a man purchase a male or female slave of a man in a foreign country, and if, when he comes back to his own land, the (former) owner of the male or female slave recognize his male or female slaveif the male or female slave be a native of the land, he shall grant them their freedom without money. The United States Declaration of Independence, formally The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen united States of America, is the pronouncement and founding document adopted by the Second Continental Congress meeting at Pennsylvania State House (later renamed Independence Hall) in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on July 4, 1776.Enacted during the American Revolution, the The amelu was a patrician, a man of family, whose birth, marriage, and death were registered; of ancestral estates and full civil rights. If a man open his canal for irrigation and neglect it and the water carry away an adjacent field, he shall measure out grain on the basis of the adjacent fields. 58. If a man hire a boat of sixty GUR (tonnage), he shall pay 1/6 of a shekel of silver as its hire per day. The father who reared him shall give to him of his goods one-third the portion of a son and he shall go. 261. He may not take a concubine. 186. If her husband say: "I have not put her away," her husband may take another woman. If one break a man's bone, they shall break his bone. Law is a set of rules that are created and are enforceable by social or governmental institutions to regulate behavior, with its precise definition a matter of longstanding debate. The code of Hammurabi. If a physician operate on a slave of a freeman for a severe wound with a bronze lancet and cause his death, he shall restore a slave of equal value. If an officer or a constable from the beginning of (or, on account of) (his) business neglect his field, his garden, and his house and leave them uncared for (and) another after him take his field, his garden, and his house, and conduct his business for three years; if the former return and desire (or, would manage) his field, his garden, and his house, they shall not give them to him; he, who has taken (them) and conducted the business shall continue (to do so). The purchaser shall conduct the business of the field, garden or house which he has purchased. These deaths made Saddam's mother, Subha Tulfah al-Mussallat, so depressed that she attempted to abort her pregnancy and commit suicide.Subha "would have nothing to do with him," and Saddam would eventually be If a judge pronounce a judgment, render a decision, deliver a verdict duly signed and sealed and afterward alter his judgment, they shall call that judge to account for the alteration of the judgment which he had pronounced, and he shall pay twelve-fold the penalty which was in said judgment; and, in the assembly, they shall expel him from his seat of judgment, and he shall not return, and with the judges in a case he shall not take his seat. If the wife of a man who is living in his house, set her face to go out and play the part of a fool, neglect her house, belittle her husband, they shall call her to account: if her husband say: "I have put her away," he shall let her go. If the tenant do not secure a crop of grain or sesame in his field, he shall not cancel his contract. 40. If a man be captured and there be maintenance in his house and his wife go out of her house, she shall protect her body and she shall not enter into another house. A sea captain, ship's captain, captain, master, or shipmaster, is a high-grade licensed mariner who holds ultimate command and responsibility of a merchant vessel. ; 1852 A massive earthquake struck the Dutch East Indies, creating a tsunami that washed away villages, ships and residents. 115. If a man take a wife and she do not present him with children and he set his face to take a concubine, that man may take a concubine and bring her into his house. The Code, which was written down sometime around 1780 B.C. If he do not meet with success where he goes, the agent shall double the amount of money obtained and he shall pay it to the merchant. Working for a while at the imperial stables at Versailles, he had the opportunity to study them in Fascinated by horses, Gricault made many paintings portraying them. If a brander, without the consent of the owner of the slave, brand a slave with the sign that he cannot be sold, they shall cut off the fingers of that brander. If a man take wives for his sons and do not take a wife for his youngest son, after the father dies, when the brothers divide, he shall take the present which the father gave him, and over and above they shall divide the goods of the father's house equally. Let him promote the welfare of his people! In all sources, the terms are translatable as "the ten words", "the ten sayings", or "the ten matters". If a man destroy the eye of another man, they shall destroy his eye. The child of the wife shall have the right of choice at the division. 62. 168. law; - alike self-help, blood-feud, marriage by capture, are absent; though family solidarity, district responsibility, ordeal, the lex talionis, are primitive features that remain. 17. We have now placed Twitpic in an archived state. He may deed to his wife or daughter the field, garden or house which he has purchased and (hence) possesses, or he may assign them for debt. 29. Hammurabis Code extends to all aspects of law and includes areas concerning wages; criminal law; and the rights of citizens, even slaves and women. If it be the servant of a man, he shall pay one-third mana of silver. Code of Hammurabi, the most complete and perfect extant collection of Babylonian laws, developed during the reign of Hammurabi (17921750 bce) of the 1st dynasty of Babylon. If a man bring an accusation against a man, and charge him with a (capital) crime, but cannot prove it, he, the accuser, shall be put to death. Examples include laws governing crimes such as theft, murder and adultery, as well as familial interactions like marriage, divorce and inheritance. 257. Question: How many rules are written in the Code of Hammurabi? 22. Currently, India's Penal Code "makes it amply clear that marriage does not act as an absolving factor in case of rape". If a man hire an ox and destroy its eye, he shall pay silver to the owner of the ox to the extent of one-half its value. 233. If a widow, whose children are minors set her face to enter another house, she cannot do so without the consent of the judges. If a man hold a [debt of] grain or money against a man, and if he take grain without the consent of the owner from the heap or the granary, they shall call that man to account for taking grain without the consent of the owner from the heap or the granary, and he shall return as much grain as he took, and he shall forfeit all that he has lent, whatever it be. If a man hire a its hire is 3 SE of silver per day. May Bel with his command which cannot be altered curse him with a powerful and may it come upon him speedily! If a man bring a present to the house of his father-in-law and give a marriage settlement and the father of the daughter say, "I will not give thee my daughter;" he (i.e., the father-in-law) shall double the amount which was brought to him and return it. May she deliver him into the hands of his enemies, and may they carry him away bound into a hostile land! However, it will last longer if the marriage or civil union lasted longer. If a builder build a house for a man and do not make its construction meet the requirements and a wall fall in, that builder shall strengthen that wall at his own expense. If there were no marriage settlement, he shall give to her one mana of silver for a divorce. 209. Question: What was the first state to legalize same-sex marriage? 243. Learn why the Code of Hammurabi explains "an eye for an eye." tariffs, trade, and commerce), family law (marriage and divorce), as well as criminal law (assault, theft) and civil law (slavery, debt). Hammurabis Code is known as the oldest collection of codified law ever to exist. 1. 10. Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti was born on 28 April 1937 in Awja, a small village near Tikrit.Saddam's brother and father died of cancer before his birth. If a man harbor in his house a male or female slave who has fled from the palace or from a freeman, and do not bring him (the slave) forth at the call of the commandment, the owner of that house shall be put to death. Learn why the Code of Hammurabi explains "an eye for an eye." 2. A woman, merchant or other property-owner may sell field, garden or house. 196. If his father-in-law do not return to him the marriage settlement, he may deduct from her dowry the amount of the marriage settlement and return (the rest) of her dowry to the house of her father. The Code defines the whole population as falling into three classes: the amelu, the muskinu and the ardu. With the powerful weapon which Za-m-m and Nana entrusted to me, with the breadth of vision which Ea allotted me, with the might which Marduk gave me, I expelled the enemy to the North and South; I made an end of their raids; I brought health to the land; I made the populace to rest in security; I permitted no one to molest them. If a man purchase silver or gold, manservant or maid servant, ox, sheep or ass, or anything else from a man's son, or a man's servant without witnesses or contracts, or if he receive (the same) in trust, that man shall be put to death as a thief. If a man obtain money from a merchant and give (as security) to the merchant a field to be planted with grain and sesame (and) say to him: "Cultivate the field, and take to thyself the grain and sesame which is produced;" if the tenant raise grain and sesame in the field, at the time of harvest, the owner of the field shall receive the grain and sesame which is in the field and he shall give to the merchant grain for the loan which he had obtained from him and for the interest and for the maintenance of the tenant. The witnesses in whose presence the purchase was made and the witnesses to identify the lost property shall give their testimony in the presence of god. She may not sell it, nor transfer it. If she have not borne children, her mistress may sell her for money. was created by Hammurabi, the sixth King of Babylon. This work was published before January 1, 1927, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago. Another set of approximately 100 laws concerns family and issues ranging from marriage and children to inheritance, adultery and incest. If the river show that man to be innocent and he come forth unharmed, he who charged him with sorcery shall be put to death. 48. If a man hire a boatman and a boat and freight it with grain, wool, oil, dates or any other kind of freight, and that boatman is careless and he sink the boat or wreck its cargo, the boatman shall replace the boat which he sank and whatever portion of the cargo he wrecked. His code represents one of historys first written sets of laws. 37. If the one seized die of abuse or neglect in the house of him who seized him, the owner of the one seized shall call the merchant to account; and if it be a man's son [that he seized] they shall put his son to death; if it be a man's servant [that he seized] he shall pay one-third mana of silver and he shall forfeit whatever amount he had lent. With 123HelpMes essays, papers, and topic ideas, get all your writing needs sorted in one go and submit your assignments on time. May he lament the loss of his vigor! The painting is now in the Louvre in Paris.A second version of the work, The Embarkation for Cythera ("L'embarquement pour Cythre") is a painting by the French painter Jean-Antoine Watteau.It is also known as Voyage to Cythera and Pilgrimage to the Isle of Cythera. If the thief have nothing wherewith to pay he shall be put to death. If a man have bargained for the field, garden or house of an officer, constable or tax-gatherer and given sureties, the officer, constable or tax-gatherer shall return to his field, garden or house and he shall take to himself the sureties which were given to him. If a man bring an accusation against a man, and charge him with a (capital) crime, but cannot prove it, he, the accuser, shall be put to death. 100. However, some parts prove that the ancient Babylonians had some rather forward-thinking ideas such as refusal to accept marriage by capture or blood feuds. 207. 141. May Ishtar, goddess of battle and conflict, who makes ready my weapons, the gracious protecting deity, who loves my reign, curse his dominion with great fury in her wrathful heart, and turn good into evil for him! 51. And may my monument enlighten him as to his cause and may he understand his case! If a man would put away his wife who has not borne him children, he shall give her money to the amount of her marriage settlement and he shall make good to her the dowry which she brought from her father's house and then he may put her away. If a man aid a male or female slave of the palace, or a male or female slave of a freeman to escape from the city gate, he shall be put to death. If a man buy from an officer the cattle of sheep which the king has given to that officer, he shall forfeit his money. If a shepherd, to whom oxen or sheep have been given to pasture, receive as his hire whatever was agreed upon (?) It has been variously described as a science and as the art of justice. See Hammurabi, Code of. If a man desert his city and flee and afterwards his wife enter into another house; if that man return and would take his wife, the wife of the fugitive shall not return to her husband because he hated his city and fled. 215. See Hammurabi, Code of. 59. She shall enjoy the field, garden or anything else which her father gave her as long as she lives. If, after the sheep have gone up from the meadow and have crowded their way out (?) In the days that are yet to come, for all future time, may the king who is in the land observe the words of righteousness which I have written upon my monument! ), he shall pay 2 SE of silver per day as its hire. If that woman die, they shall put his daughter to death. However, it will last longer if the marriage or civil union lasted longer. May he bring to his view an evil omen of the uprooting of the foundation of his sovereignty, and the ruin of his land. If a man do not give a dowry to his daughter, a priestess of Marduk of Babylon, and do not write for her a deed of gift; after her father dies she shall receive as her share with her brothers one-third the portion of a son in the goods of her father's house, but she shall not conduct the business thereof. 246. If man give his son to a nurse and that son die in the hands of the nurse, and the nurse substitute another son without the consent of his father or mother, they shall call her to account, and because she has substituted another son without the consent of his father or mother, they shall cut off his breast. was created by Hammurabi, the sixth King of Babylon. If a man store his grain in bins in the house of another and an accident happen to the granary, or the owner of the house open a bin and take grain or he raise a dispute about (or deny) the amount of grain which was stored in his house, the owner of the grain shall declare his grain in the presence of god, and the owner of the house shall double the amount of grain which he took and restore it to the owner of the grain. If he bind over to service a male or female slave, and if the merchant transfer or sell such slave, there is no cause for complaint. 16. 8. is 5 SE of silver; the wage of a tailor is 5 SE of silver; the wage of a is SE of silver; the wage of a is SE of silver; the wage of a is SE of silver; the wage of a carpenter is 4 SE of silver; the wage of a (?) 228. In no case shall his field or his garden or his house be given for his ransom. The Embarkation for Cythera ("L'embarquement pour Cythre") is a painting by the French painter Jean-Antoine Watteau.It is also known as Voyage to Cythera and Pilgrimage to the Isle of Cythera. May he break loose furiously over his city and turn his land into a heap left by a whirlwind! 116. If a man hire an artisan, the wage of a is 5 SE of silver; the wage of a brickmaker (?) 184. 259. is 4 SE of silver; the wage of a (?) 1842 The University of Notre Dame (main building pictured) was founded by Edward Sorin of the Congregation of Holy Cross as an all-male institution in the U.S. state of Indiana. I opened up difficult barriers and lent them support. 137. 202. 214. Watteau submitted this work to the Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture as his reception piece in 1717. 278. It has been variously described as a science and as the art of justice. 267. Code of Hammurabi 65. If, when he goes on a journey, an enemy rob him of whatever he was carrying, the agent shall take an oath in the name of god and go free. Her heritage belongs to her brothers. 172. 42. May he lay upon him heavy guilt and great sin, which will not depart from him! 180. The Code of Hammurabi. These deaths made Saddam's mother, Subha Tulfah al-Mussallat, so depressed that she attempted to abort her pregnancy and commit suicide.Subha "would have nothing to do with him," and Saddam would eventually be If he detain that slave in his house and later the slave be found in his possession, that man shall be put to death. If a man's slave strike a man's son, they shall cut off his ear. May she create confusion and revolt for him! May he determine as his fate a life like unto death! If a man steal a man's son, who is a minor, he shall be put to death. May she shatter his weapons on the field of battle and conflict! If a merchant ransom either an officer or a constable who has been captured on an errand of the king, and enable him to reach his city; if there be sufficient ransom in his house, he shall ransom himself: if there be not sufficient ransom in his house, in the temple of his city he shall be ransomed; if there be not sufficient ransom in the temple of his city, the palace shall ransom him. If a man hold a [debt of] grain or money against a man, and he seize him for debt, and the one seized die in the house of the one who seized him, that case has no penalty. 218. If a man give to another silver, gold or anything else on deposit, whatever he gives he shall show to witnesses and he shall arrange the contracts and (then) he shall make the deposit. Dear Twitpic Community - thank you for all the wonderful photos you have taken over the years. A marriage or civil union of over 10 years is often a candidate for permanent alimony. tariffs, trade, and commerce), family law (marriage and divorce), as well as criminal law (assault, theft) and civil law (slavery, debt). That concubine shall not rank with his wife. 26. If one destroy the eye of a man's slave or break a bone of a man's slave he shall pay one-half his price. 106. If a man bring an accusation against a man, and charge him with a (capital) crime, but cannot prove it, he, the accuser, shall be put to death. 222. 225. These laws touched on all areas of life for ancient Mesopotamians, including trade, religion, and military service. If a man have known his daughter, they shall expel that man from the city. Following the unification of the city-states in Assyria and Sumer by Sargon of Akkad into a single empire ruled from his home city circa 2334 BC, common Mesopotamian standards for length, area, volume, weight, and time used by artisan guilds in each city was promulgated by Naram-Sin of Akkad (c. 22542218 BC), Sargon's grandson, including for shekels. 203. If the seller have gone to (his) fate (i.e., have died), the purchaser shall recover damages in said case fivefold from the estate of the seller. 178. If he be not able to restore the grain, they shall sell him and his goods, and the farmer whose grain the water has carried away shall share (the results of the sale). 105. If a man steal the property of a god (temple) or palace, that man shall be put to death; and he who receives from his hand the stolen (property) shall also be put to death. When Marduk sent me to rule over men, to give the protection of right to the land, I did right and in righteousness brought about the well-being of the oppressed. Time separated while still married In some U.S. states, separation is a triggering event, recognized as the end of the term of the marriage. HD videos are free to be viewed online. 19. Witchcraft traditionally means the use of magic or supernatural powers to harm others. If a father devote a votary or NU.PAR. May he bring him to oblivion, and dam up his rivers at their sources! 148. If a man, in a case (pending judgment), bear false (threatening) witness, or do not establish the testimony that he has given, if that case be a case involving life, that man shall be put to death. If a man do not reckon among his sons the young child whom he has taken and reared, that adopted son may return to his father's house. Let him root out the wicked and evildoer from his land! 109. 210. If a fire break out in a man's house and a man who goes to extinguish it casts his eye on the furniture of the owner of the house, and take the furniture of the owner of the house, that man shall be thrown into that fire. Examples include laws governing crimes such as theft, murder and adultery, as well as familial interactions like marriage, divorce and inheritance. and be satisfied, and he let the cattle or sheep decrease in number, or lessen the birth rate, according to his contracts he shall make good the birth rate and the produce. If a man knock out a tooth of a man of his own rank, they shall knock out his tooth. The almost 300 laws that make up Hammurabis Code show us what daily life was like more than 3,500 years ago. There are also some interesting parts concerning womens rights. 111. 43. of the gate into the public common, the shepherd turn the sheep into the field, and pasture the sheep on the field, the shepherd shall oversee the field on which he pastures and at the time of harvest he shall measure out sixty GUR of grain per ten GAN to the owner of the field. 190. If they be natives of another land, the purchaser shall declare before god the money which he paid (for them), and the owner of the male or female slave shall give to the merchant the money which he paid out, and he (the owner) shall receive into his care his male or female slave. Hire an artisan take a son and he shall pay 2 SE of silver the. ), the sixth King of Babylon were no marriage settlement, shall. Place his enemy over him die, he shall pay ten shekels of for. Man strike a man hammurabi code marriage bone, they shall knock out his tooth husband for the sake another. 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