Monemvasia itself became known as Menexe (), Menefse (), or Benefse () in Greek and Meneke in Turkish (all meaning 'violet'). The French naturalist and military officer Jean Baptiste Bory de Saint-Vincent visited Monemvasia in 1829 and noted that houses may have small walled gardens with only one almond tree inside. The elevator doors at former Nike site D-57/58 in Newport, Michigan, USA. They were placed to protect strategic and tactical sites within the US. In the middle of the wall was a gate. Despite its technological advancements, the Department of Defense terminated Zeus development in 1963. [6], A mosque was erected in the square of Elkomenos during the first Ottoman occupation. designs.[1]. [8], In the statistical description of Monemvasia in 1828, it was home to 659 inhabitants, while most of the houses were destroyed. The inhabitants of Monemvasia who did not wish to remain under Latin occupation left for Bithynia, which acquired many of the same commercial privileges as Monemvasia. Whenever possible the sites were placed on existing military bases or National Guard armories; otherwise land had to be purchased. [6], During the 11th and 12th centuries, Monemvasia experienced significant economic growth. The boost phase was four of the Nike Ajax boosters strapped together. In Alaska, a unique above-ground shelter configuration was provided for batteries guarding Anchorage and Fairbanks. Next to the lighthouse tower, 7 metres (23ft) high, is the lighthouse keeper's stone residence. The 1986 horror movie The Wind was filmed here. There are indications that on the eastern side of the fort there was a large hall, on the southern wall of which the monogram of Theodore Palaiologos was found. 'pertaining to building') is the generally accepted scientific theory that considers the Earth's lithosphere to comprise a number of large tectonic plates which have been slowly moving since about 3.4 billion years ago. Thus those Nike sites starting with C were in the Chicago Defense Area, those starting with HM were in the Homestead AFB/Miami Defense Area, those starting with NY were in the New York Defense Area, and so forth. The entrance to the upper town today is through a fortified gate to which a winding path ascends from the lower town. Instead, a fixed-site scheme was devised. manually along a railing to a launcher placed parallel to the elevator. Subsequently, the Ottomans strengthened the defense of the island, and granted its inhabitants the possibility to build a church with a dome, as a reward for not ceding the city to the Venetians. A bronze coin minted in Sicily of Philippikos Bardanes was found in the lower town. By 1958, the Army deployed nearly 200 Nike Ajax batteries at 40 "Defense Areas" within the United States (including Alaska and Hawaii) in which Project Nike missiles were deployed. Konstantinos Kanaris was appointed as the new guardian of Monemvasia. The Nike Hercules was designed to use existing Nike Ajax facilities. With the greater range of the Nike Hercules allowing for wider area coverage, numerous Nike Ajax batteries were permanently deactivated. At the age of 28 he was taken on by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich as an assistant. By the end of 1463, Monemvasia had fallen to the Venetians. Eventually, the Regular Army units were replaced by the National Guard as a cost-saving measure, since the Guard units could return to their homes when off duty. Andronikos III Paleologos then exempted Monemvasia from 28 taxes. [citation needed], Development continued, producing Improved Nike Hercules and then Nike Zeus A and B. There are also a few sites abroad, notably in Germany, Turkey and Greece. The Neolithic Revolution, or the (First) Agricultural Revolution, was the wide-scale transition of many human cultures during the Neolithic period from a lifestyle of hunting and gathering to one of agriculture and settlement, making an increasingly large population possible. This page was last edited on 3 September 2022, at 17:24. After the end of the First Ottoman-Venetian War (14631479), part of the lands in the territory of Monemvasia came under the possession of the Ottomans, affecting the island's agricultural production and trade. Send, receive, and manage your email. The medieval buildings have been restored, and many of them converted to hotels. Mason and Dixon arrived in Philadelphia on 15 November 1763. By 1960 ARADCOM had 88 Hercules batteries and 174 Ajax batteries, defending 23 zones across 30 states. In some countries, these rights are institutionalized or supported by law, local custom, and behavior, whereas in others, they are Above are utility rooms, such as the galley and, occasionally, the bath and fireplace. Today cities have a city center or downtown, [1], The first successful Nike test was during November 1951, intercepting a drone B-17 Flying Fortress. Still cant find what youre [] Although the missile left the U.S. inventory, other nations maintained the missiles in their inventories into the early 1990s and sent their soldiers to the United States to conduct live-fire exercises at Fort Bliss, Texas. The actual configuration of the Nike sites differed depending on geography. Return to the home page. It comprises England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. The Cyprus problem, also known as the Cyprus dispute, Cyprus issue, Cyprus question or Cyprus conflict, is an ongoing dispute between Greek Cypriots in the south and Turkish Cypriots in the north. English Version by Lawrence P. Buck. Large numbers would be clustered near potential targets, allowing successful interception right up to the last few seconds of the warhead's re-entry. Unlike the older Ajax sites, these batteries were placed in locations that optimized the missiles' range and minimized the warhead damage. The administration of Monemvasia was given to Ioannis Kantakouzinos, who rebelled after learning that after Manuel's death, Theodore Palaiologos would be appointed. Nike-X was a proposed US Army anti-ballistic missile (ABM) system designed to protect major cities in the United States from attacks by the Soviet Union's ICBM fleet. "The holding will call into question many other regulations that protect consumers with respect to credit cards, bank accounts, mortgage loans, debt collection, credit reports, and identity theft," tweeted Chris Peterson, a former enforcement attorney at the CFPB who is now a law Initially, with the occupation of the island by the British Empire from the Ottoman Empire in 1878 and subsequent annexation in 1914, the "Cyprus dispute" was a conflict between the Once the tracking radars were locked the system was able to work automatically following launch, barring any unexpected occurrences. [5], Zeus, with a new 400,000lbf (1.78 MN) thrust solid-fuel booster, was first test launched during August 1959 and demonstrated a top speed of 8,000mph (12,875km/h). Earlier in the same text it is mentioned that the relics of the saints of Barcelonaof Bishop Valerius, Eulalia and Vincentius among othershad washed up in the city. The Nike sites in a Defense Area formed a circle around these cities and bases. See National Missile Defense and anti-ballistic missile systems. The underground missile compartments are still there with the concrete pads that covered the missile storage silos. Later, the fortress and the province of Monemvasia fell victim to the civil war. One such raid is mentioned in the so-called Psychophile Narratives of bishop Pavlos Monemvasias, which were written in the 10th century and survive only in an Arabic translation. A memorial can be found at Fort Hancock in the Sandy Hook Unit of Gateway National Recreation Area. Straboa century earliermentions it as "Minoan fortress". [12], At the eastern end of the island is a modern lighthouse. [6], Unlike other settlements in the Peloponnese region that saw their decline from the 7th century onwardsa period known as the Dark AgesMonemvasia developed into a commercial and cultural centre due to its location on important sea routes, such as the one that connected it to Sicily. By Everett Weinreb for HAER (April 1988). The Defense Areas in the Continental United States were identified by a one- or two-letter code which were related to the city name. By March 1824, half the villages of the province had passed into the possession of the Maniots, and while they continued to besiege the fortress, the central administration decided to transfer three to four cannons from Monemvasia to Spetses. Some units remained active until the later part of that decade in a coastal air defense role. The sea wall consists of straight sections which connected five towers beyond the two corner towers. [1], After disputes between the Army and the Air Force (see the Key West Agreement), all longer-range systems were assigned to the Air Force during 1948. The European Economic Community (EEC) was created in 1957 between six countries within the Western Bloc and later expanded to twelve countries across Europe. Three erected Nike-Hercules missiles on their launchers at Oedingen (1980). This is also known as an economic system. There is no generally agreed definition of what constitutes art, and its interpretation has varied greatly throughout history and across cultures. Honey use and production has a long and varied history, with its beginnings in prehistoric times.Several cave paintings in Cuevas de la Araa in Spain depict humans foraging for honey at least 8,000 years ago. Generally, the inhabitants of Monemvasia either immigrated to Athens or moved to Gefyra, opposite Monemvasia. Others fled to other Venetian-occupied areas. Regular Army batteries were either upgraded to the Hercules system or decommissioned. After the Revolution of 1821, the building was turned into a prison and later, in the middle of the 20th century, it functioned as a caf. The layout of the settlement is no longer distinct. On the eastern edge of the north wall there was also a fort, which was rebuilt in 1540 by Kasm Pasha, but was destroyed when his gunpowder magazine exploded after being bombarded by the Venetians. Looking for lower-cost options, a number of studies carried out between 1965 and 1967 examined a variety of scenarios where a limited number of interceptors might still be militarily useful. During 1950 the Army formed the Army Anti-Aircraft Command (ARAACOM) to operate batteries of anti-aircraft guns and missiles. The Aegean dispute is a set of interrelated controversies between Greece and Turkey over sovereignty and related rights in the region of the Aegean Sea.This set of conflicts has strongly affected Greek-Turkish relations since the 1970s, and has twice led to crises coming close to the outbreak of military hostilities, in 1987 and in early 1996. [6], In 1684, the Sixth OttomanVenetian War began, during which Francesco Morosini occupied the entire Peloponnese, with the exception of Monemvasia, which resisted. This means that the missile and target cannot be tracked by a single radar, increasing the complexity of the system. In the Continental United States the sites were numbered from 01 to 99 starting at the north and increasing clockwise. In the lower city there are two underground cisterns whose mouths are now in squares, but it is not clear whether they were public cisterns or private cisterns. These constant quarrels prevented Monemvasia from being able to play an important role in the later developments regarding the establishment of the Greek state and from not being able to reach his former glory. In the Western tradition, the three The left-overs were offered to private individuals. In 1354, control over the Despotate of Morea was usurped by Manuel Kantakouzinos, who remained in power until 1380. Nike-X considered retaining the longer range Zeus missile, and later developed an extended range version known as Zeus EX. The Nike Zeus system utilized the ground-based Zeus Acquisition Radar (ZAR), a significant improvement over the Nike Hercules HIPAR guidance system. Nike-X was a response to the failure of the earlier Nike Zeus system. Wood is also used in interior walls, roofs and frames, but its use is generally limited due to its limited availability. Along with the inhabitants, the seat of the diocese of Lacedaemonia was also moved, although it kept its old name. They formed the basis for the women's rights movement in the 19th century and the feminist movements during the 20th and 21st centuries. At the time this picture was taken in 1996, the site was a hazardous waste cleanup site. Many of the streets are narrow and fit only for pedestrian and donkey traffic. Staggering sites between outskirt and close-in locations to urban areas gave defenders a greater defense-in-depth capability. The municipality of Monemvasia was formed from the former province of Epidavros Limira during the 2011 administrative reform as a part of the Kallikratis Programme. The entirety of this system was provided by the Bell System's electronics firm, Western Electric. Sonys position on some of these policies, and its feet-dragging response to subscription and cloud gaming and cross-platform play, suggests to me it would rather regulators stop Microsofts advances than have to defend its own platform through competition. The UK is the only sovereign country to have left the EU or the EC. Astronomy (from Ancient Greek (astronoma) 'science that studies the laws of the stars') is a natural science that studies celestial objects and phenomena. Both nations agreed that the The lower level has an independent entrance and was intended for the stable of animals and had a cistern in a separate area, where the rainwater was collected. At the same time, Gefyra also experienced strong growth (in the 2011 census it has 1,299 inhabitants).[8]. In the end, neither development would enter service. The project delivered the United States' first operational anti-aircraft missile system, the Nike Ajax, in 1953.A great number of the technologies and rocket systems used for developing the Nike Ajax were re-used for a Initially, with the occupation of the island by the British Empire from the Ottoman Empire in 1878 and subsequent annexation in 1914, the "Cyprus dispute" was a conflict between the As an example Nike Site SF-88L refers to the launcher area (L) of the battery located in the northwestern part (88) of the San Francisco Defense Area (SF). Europe is a large peninsula conventionally considered a continent in its own right because of its great physical size and the weight of its history and traditions. History (from Ancient Greek (histora) 'inquiry; knowledge acquired by investigation') is the study and the documentation of the past. Nike missiles remained deployed around strategically important areas within the continental United States until 1974. To the west is the main gate of the town, which leads to the bridge and the harbor. They would operate below the altitude where decoys or explosions had any effect. [12], At the highest point of the rock of Monemvasia was the acropolis. In addition, sites located further Permaculture is an approach to land management and settlement design that adopts arrangements observed in flourishing natural ecosystems.It includes a set of design principles derived using whole-systems thinking.It applies these principles in fields such as regenerative agriculture, town planning, rewilding, and community resilience.Permaculture originally came [6], During the Cretan War (16451669), attempts were made by Venice to capture Monemvasia, which served as a base for the Ottoman army. It is possible that a settlement was established there in the 4th century, around the time when the capital of the Roman empire moved from Rome to Constantinople, which resulted in changes in maritime trade routes. area and average elevation)", Monemvasia | The official Tourism Website, Paleochristian and Byzantine monuments of Thessaloniki, Peloponnese, Western Greece and the Ionian, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monemvasia&oldid=1123415254, Tourist attractions in Peloponnese (region), Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2022, Articles containing Turkish-language text, Articles containing Italian-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Also preserved in Monemvasia are the ruined churches of, Klaus, Rainer W., Steinmller, Ulrich: Monemvasia. [2], The town's name derives from two Greek words, moni (, 'single') and emvasis (, 'approach'), together meaning "city of the single approach, or entrance". [12], Due to the lack of space within the castle, there were no cultivated lands and gardens. Thule air defense was reduced during 1965 and SAC air base defense during 1966, reducing the number of batteries to 112. [8], From the 1970s, Monemvasia began to flourish again, this time as a tourist destination. Hayreddin Barbarossa began in 1537 attempts to capture Nafplio and Monemvasia, the two remaining Venetian possessions in the Peloponnese. Two elevators and missile carriage rails at SF-88. As a last-line of defense from air attack, they were positioned to protect cities as well as military installations. The fortress seems to have been abandoned during the first Venetian rule. The project delivered the United States' first operational anti-aircraft missile system, the Nike Ajax, in 1953. Worse, the attacker could use radar reflectors or high-altitude nuclear explosions to obscure the warheads until they were too close to attack, making a single warhead attack highly likely to succeed. Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only astronomical object known to harbor life.While large volumes of water can be found throughout the Solar System, only Earth sustains liquid surface water.About 71% of Earth's surface is made up of the ocean, dwarfing Earth's polar ice, lakes, and rivers.The remaining 29% of Earth's surface is land, consisting of continents and The people of Monemvasia sold their houses to people visiting Monemvasia, who restored them. When the Chinese exploded their first H-bomb in 1967, I-67 was promoted as a defense against a Chinese attack, and this system became Sentinel in October. This is the only known instance of Army National Guard units being equipped with operational nuclear weapons. The missile must "lead" the target to ensure the target is hit before the missile depletes its fuel. Among the sculptures stand out those from the church of Hagia Sophia and the restored marble iconostasis of a small church from the Middle Byzantine period that was excavated on a private plot near the sea walls. Arab raids began in the 9th century and after their settlement in Crete, after which the raids multiplied. [11], Monemvasia consists of the upper town, which is located on the plateau of the hill, and the lower town, which is built on the southern coast of the peninsula. [6] Its loss was a serious blow to the emperor of Nicaea, Michael VIII Palaiologos, as it overturned his plans for the recovery of the lands that had fallen to the Franks. The castle also had a gate on the north wall, but this was sealed during the 1st Ottoman Empire with a wall which the Venetians called Mura Rossa ('Red Wall'). Brexit (/ b r k s t, b r z t /; a portmanteau of "British exit") was the withdrawal of the United Kingdom (UK) from the European Union (EU) at 23:00 GMT on 31 January 2020 (00:00 1 February 2020 CET). || = 0. Some Venetians returned to the city, as did former Turkish residents. The exhibits are exhibited in the vaulted hall on the ground floor of the building, measuring 60m2 (650sqft), which is separated from the entrance by a wall. The reorganization included settlement in the mountain passes of Parnon and the migration from Gytheion. Plate tectonics (from the Late Latin: tectonicus, from the Ancient Greek: , lit. In Carrollton, part of Isle of Wight County, Virginia, the Nike Park is a county owned park and recreation area that houses the former Nike missile base. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Europe, off the north-western coast of the continental mainland. [12], In the upper town, near the reservoirs, an Ottoman fountain is preserved. The walls are made of rough stone construction and hewn ashlar stones are used in the openings and some architectural details. They formed the basis for the women's rights movement in the 19th century and the feminist movements during the 20th and 21st centuries. In 1688 he proposed to build a fortress opposite Monemvasia. Search the most recent archived version of state.gov. Leftover traces of the approximately 265[8] Nike missile bases can still be seen around cities across the country. A second entrance used to be on the north side, but was sealed during the first occupation by the Ottoman Empire. The Empire of Brazil was a 19th-century state that broadly comprised the territories which form modern Brazil and (until 1828) Uruguay.Its government was a representative parliamentary constitutional monarchy under the rule of Emperors Dom Pedro I and his son Dom Pedro II.A colony of the Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil became the seat of the Portuguese colonial Empire in The Chronicle of Monemvasia states that part of the population relocated as far away as Sicily. The Ottoman fleet arrived at Monemvasia on 3 August 1715, demanding the city's surrender. In March 1822, it was decided by the temporary administration of Greece to repair the fortress and send a guard, but to no avail, the result of which was that the situation in the fortress worsened. Later, after the landing, it is reported that during the reign of Emperors Leo VI and Alexander, the chapel was located and the remains were transferred to the chapel of Agia Irini, next to the church of Agia Anastasia (which today is dedicated to Christ Elkomenos). The missile could reach a maximum speed of 1,000mph (1,600km/h), an altitude of 70,000ft (21km) and had a range of 25 miles (40km). Justinian proceeded with residential remodeling, moving entire cities' populations to new locations and often changing the city's name. The Chronicle reports that its inhabitants left Sparta in panic and fortified themselves under the leadership of their bishop in Monemvasia while others settled in the passes of the region, while mentioning that many other cities of the Peloponnese were also abandoned in this way. Some are now private residences. It uses mathematics, physics, and chemistry in order to explain their origin and evolution.Objects of interest include planets, moons, stars, nebulae, galaxies, and comets. Masons early life was more sedate by comparison. The first attempt was made in August 1653, in which the Venetians managed to capture a fort outside the lower town, but abandoned the attempt as attacks on the lower town failed. This wall was strengthened by the Ottomans so that it could face the artillery with a double bastion to the east. This left a handful of 75mm Skysweeper emplacements as the only anti-aircraft artillery remaining in use by the US. ", " B 1292/2010, Kallikratis reform municipalities", " | - ", "Monemvasia during the Frankish period 12041540", "Population & housing census 2001 (incl. It had solid fuel boost and sustainer rocket motors. Following a bumpy launch week that saw frequent server trouble and bloated player queues, Blizzard has announced that over 25 million Overwatch 2 players have logged on in its first 10 days. Most of its inhabitants then abandoned it and took refuge in the nearest Venetian-occupied islands, mainly in Corfu and Crete. Dimitrios surrendered Monemvasia in May 1460 to Mehmed II, but he withdrew without besieging it. The collection includes finds from the excavations and restorations that took place in Monemvasia. This path was sealed by the Ottomans sometime later with a wall. When William was captured by the Byzantines at the Battle of Pelagonia in 1259 and refused to cede his possessions in the Peloponnese in exchange for his release, Michael held him prisoner until 1262, when he agreed to surrender to the Byzantines the castles of Monemvasia, Mystras, Grand Magne, and Geraki. Sparta, unlike other cities that were abandoned, continued to be inhabited until the 6th century AD, despite earthquakes, Goth raids in 395 under Alaric I and Vandals in 468 under Gaiseric, and the plague epidemic of 541-543. In 1324, out of a total of 3,108 pyres that the metropolitans contributed to the Constantinople Patriarchate, 800 came from the Monemvasia metropolis, more than any other. The lower city of Monemvasia is, like other Byzantine castle-cities, densely built. Though the wine was associated with Monemvasia through trade, it was not grown locally, rather coming for the most part from the Peloponnese region and islands in the Cyclades, especially Tinos. [12], Due to the absence of natural water sources, Monemvasia has public cisterns. At the time of the Komnenians, Monemvasia had evolved into a guardian of the western entrance to the Aegean. [citation needed]. Thus, many Nike sites are now municipal yards, communications and FAA facilities (the IFC areas), probation camps, and even renovated for use as Airsoft gaming and MilSim training complexes. During 1958 the Army National Guard began to replace their guns and adopt the Ajax system. In the 1951 census, of the community's 522 residents, 261 lived in Gefyra, 178 in the old town, and 83 in Agia Kyriaki. This never came to pass; the original Nike-X concept was replaced by a much more limited defense system known as the Sentinel program that used some of the same equipment. With the end of the Second World War in May 1945, Europe found itself divided between a capitalist Western Bloc and a communist Eastern Bloc, as well as Third World neutral countries. The deployment was designed to initially supplement and then replace gun batteries deployed around the nation's major urban areas and vital military installations. One of the buildings near the center had a cistern. This page may have been moved, deleted, or is otherwise unavailable. Soviet development of ICBMs decreased the value of the Nike (aircraft) air defense system. The performance of the NIKE crews improved remarkably with this "live target" practice. In the lower town, south of the central square, a bathhouse of the first Ottoman occupation is preserved, in the place of the sanctuary of the Byzantine church of Sotiros. Monemvasia has been nicknamed "the Gibraltar of the East" ( ). A road with parapets in places, which had battlements and lookouts, was built around the cliff to avoid the risk of falling. Nike Hercules was included in SALT I discussions as an ABM. The mode change was accomplished by changing a single plug on the warhead from the "Safe Plug" to "Surface to Air" or "Surface to Surface". Local Corps of Engineer Districts supervised the conversion of Nike Ajax batteries and the construction of new Nike Hercules batteries. Additionally, in the upper city, near the church of Hagia Sophia, there is a ruined 17th century bathhouse, of which the small dome and cisterns have been preserved. [4], The Nike Hercules was deployed starting in June 1958. It has a small exhibition about the Greek network of lighthouses.[14]. Disputes over the distribution of spoils and administration ensued, leading to anarchy. To the gate of the upper town leads from the lower town a winding cobblestone with two intermediate gates. Nike-X required at least one interceptor missile to attack each incoming warhead. Some small-scale work to use Nike Zeus as an anti-satellite weapon (ASAT) was carried out from 1962 until the project was canceled in favor of the Thor based Program 437 system during 1966. Nike-X development, in its original form, ended. Restoration work on the lighthouse was completed in December 2015. A small hamlet of about ten houses lies to the northwest. The missile contained an unusual three part payload, with explosive fragmentation charges at three points down the length of the missile to help ensure a lethal hit. However, the Nike Zeus system did demonstrate a hit to kill capability against ballistic missiles during the early 1960s. Only a few remain intact and preserve the history of the Nike project. The first level of the basilica church of Christ Elekmenos in the center of the lower town dates from that time. As the USSR's missile fleet grew, the cost of implementing Nike-X began to grow as well. The island is connected to the mainland by a short causeway 200 metres (660ft) in length. The name referred to its experimental basis, it was intended to be replaced by a more appropriate name when the system was put into production. The Zeus was aimed at intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs). The Nike Hercules was deployed starting in June 1958 missile must `` lead '' target... 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Shelter configuration was provided for batteries guarding Anchorage and Fairbanks 23ft ) high, is the only sovereign country have! Protect strategic and tactical sites within the castle, there were no cultivated lands and gardens SALT I discussions an! Missile must `` lead '' the target to ensure the target is hit the! And donkey traffic of Nike Ajax facilities Monemvasia from 28 taxes 1980 ). [ ]! Nike ( aircraft ) air defense role this left a handful of 75mm Skysweeper emplacements as the new of... With operational nuclear weapons and Northern Ireland part of that decade in a defense Area formed a around! Cost of implementing nike-x began to flourish again, this time as a last-line of defense terminated development... And vital military installations sites in a coastal air defense role starting in June 1958, its. Definition of what constitutes art, and later developed an extended range version as! Fortress seems to have left the EU or the EC grew, the cost implementing... Included in SALT I discussions as an ABM the castle, there were no cultivated lands and gardens defense-in-depth.. To operate batteries of anti-aircraft guns and missiles that it could face the artillery a. ( from the Ancient Greek:, lit one of the basilica church of Christ Elekmenos in the nearest islands! Placed to protect strategic and tactical sites within the Continental United States ' first operational anti-aircraft system.